Topic 2: Development dynamics Flashcards
(34 cards)
What does Human Development Index (HDI) measure
-Life expectancy
-Education
-GDP per capita
From 0 (very poor) to 1 (very rich)
What does GINI coefficient measure
Income distribution, commonly used to measure inequality
From 0 (evenly distributed) to 1 (complete inequality, 1 person has all the money)
What does Corruptions Perceptions Index (CPI) measure
Corruption is the misuse of public power for private benefit. CPI measures the perceived levels of corruption.
From 0 (highly corrupt) to 100 (very clean)
Causes of global inequality
PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
-Access to the sea for trade
-Prone to natural hazards and disease
COLONIALISM & NEO-COLONIALISM
-Unequal trade relationships to exploit territories for economic gain
-Buying raw materials for low prices and selling finished products for high prices
POLITICAL & ECONOMIC POLICIES
-Open economies encourage investment
-Political corruption slows development
SOCIAL INVESTMENT
-Investment in healthcare and education
Social consequences of global inequality
-Inability to write
-Inability to access sanitation, contraception and healthcare needs
Economic consequences of global inequality
-Can’t pay for food, water, medicine
-Can’t invest in agriculture or industry
-Can’t invest in infrastructure, healthcare, education
Environmental consequences of global inequality
-Vulnerability to natural disasters
-Environmental degradation through poor farming practices
Political consequences of global inequality
-Military conflict between nations
-Corrupt governments exploiting the most vulnerable
Rostow’s 5 stages of economic development
1) Traditional society
2) Pre-conditions for take-off
3) Take-off
4) Drive to maturity
5) High mass consumption
Frank’s dependency theory
Developed countries exploit developing countries by importing raw materials (£) and exporting manufactured goods and services (£££££)
Top-down development advantages
Everybody will eventually gain through the “trickle down” effect
Top-down development disadvantages
Imposed on people without being consulted
Top-down development example
Sardar Sarovar Dam
Sardar Sarovar Dam benefits
-1.8 million hectares of farmland irrigated
-Provides 3.5 billion litres of drinking water per day
-Produces 1500 megawatts of HEP per day
-HEP is a renewable energy resource
Sardar Sarovar Dam problems
-Few villages can afford electricity
-Money lent by World Bank must be paid back with interest
-234 villages drowned forcing people out
-Religious and historical sites flooded
-Weight of large dams may trigger earthquakes
Bottom-up development advantages
-Consults the needs of locals
-Benefits the poorest members of a community quickly
Bottom-up development disadvantages
Smaller scale approach
Bottom-up development example
Tumkur Biogas Project
Tumkur Biogas Project benefits
-80% of families use extra time to earn extra income
-Biogas plants have created 200,000 jobs
-Gas stoves reduce eye and lung problems
-Children have time to go to school instead of gathering firewood
-Slurry produced is rich in minerals and can fertilise soil
-277 tonnes less CO2 emissions achieved
-Less deforestation for fuel wood
Tumkur Biogas Project limitations
-Doesn’t support large scale economic growth
-Less suited to urban populations
-Small scale benefits
India location
-Long coastline provides trade opportunities
-Himalayan mountains limit transportation
-Borders with Pakistan, China and Nepal
-High earthquake risk
-Monsoon causes flooding in summer and droughts in the rest of the year
India global context
-7th largest land area in world
-Most populous country
-Former British colony
-Tension with Pakistan
-Member of UN and Commonwealth
-Shipping routes with China and Middle East
India economic trends
1990-2014
-GDP per capita increase by $1200
-Primary jobs fell by 13% of economic activity
-Tertiary jobs rose by 10%
-FDI increased significantly
India government policy
-1979 project to build 3,200 HEP dams
-1986 paid school places for children of lower castes
-Literacy rate rose by 10% due to educational reforms (2001-2011)
