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T4 RESEARCH > Topic 1 - Introduction, Definitions & Concepts > Flashcards

Topic 1 - Introduction, Definitions & Concepts Flashcards

1
Q

The study or investigation into a specific problem, concern or issue. The issue becomes the question and ________ is used to answer the question.

A

Research

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2
Q

T/F - Research can be about anything.

A

True

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3
Q

A type of research that does not use the scientific method to acquire knowledge and truths about the world. Instead it uses tradition, personal experience, intuition and logic.

A

Non-Scientific Research

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4
Q

Knowledge and understanding that is believed to be true because it has been traditionally accepted.

A

Tradition

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5
Q

T/F - People have stopped to question the assumption that the tradition is right.

A

False - NO ONE has stopped to question the assumption that the tradition is right.

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6
Q

Information or understanding from experiencing something firsthand (e.g. you treat someone with low back pain and they feel better).

A

Personal Experience

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7
Q

Understanding and believing in an idea based on a gut instinct or through personal insight.

A

Intuitive Knowledge

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8
Q

Though we can ___________ “know” something with confidence, how confident we are has nothing to do with ________.

A

Intuitively
Accuracy

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9
Q

The application of thought and reasoning to come to a conclusion.

A

Logic

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10
Q

T/F - A logical process doesn’t make the conclusion correct because the process can be flawed by a particular viewpoint.

A

True

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11
Q

Careful, detailed study into a specific problem, concern or issue that uses the scientific method. A logically stepped process used for investigating, acquiring or expanding undestanding.

A

Scientific Research

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12
Q

T/F - The findings of scientific research cannot be reproduced and demonstrated to be consistent.

A

False - The findings of scientific research CAN be reproduced and demonstrated to be consistent.

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13
Q

The initial building block for the scientific method often described as an educated guess based on prior knowledge and observation. It is the suggested solution for unexplained occurrence.

A

Hypothesis

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14
Q

T/F - A hypothesis is considered testable, as tests can be independently replicated.

A

True

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15
Q

A hypothesis is used to derive ___________ about results of future experiments.

A

Predictions

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16
Q

What are 2 ways in which a theory can be described?

A

1) Generally
2) Scientifically

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17
Q

Generally, a ______ is a hunch or idea indented to explain, justify or account for a phenomenon or action. It is a broad explanation for wide range of phenomena that generalizes many hypotheses.

A

Theory

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18
Q

Scientifically, a ______ is a framework for observations and facts, which are interpreted carefully, rationally and systematically. It is formed from many hypotheses that are independently tested.

A

Theory

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19
Q

__________ theory can be:
- Supported or rejected
- Improved or modified
- Predictive and used to develop inventions or find cures
- Used to explain observations gathered during scientific process

A

Scientific

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20
Q

A description of observed phenomena that holds true every time it is tested. It does not explain why (e.g. gravity, motion, gas).

A

Law

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21
Q

Knowledge covering general truths of the operation of general laws, especially as obtained and tested through scientific method and concerned with the physical world.

A

Science

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22
Q

_______ is systemic knowledge of the physical or material world gained through ____________ and experimentations.

A

Science
Observations

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23
Q

Scientific evidence either ________ or ___________ a scientific hypothesis or theory.

A

Supports
Disconfirms

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24
Q

T/F - Scientific evidence can prove or disprove a hypothesis or theory.

A

False - Scientific evidence DOES NOT prove or disprove a hypothesis or theory.

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25
Q

________ is plural and diverse.

A

Evidence

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26
Q

T/F - Scientific evidence includes scientific research, but not to the exclusion of other forms of evidence.

A

True

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27
Q

Animal studies and chemical analysis are __________ based forms of evidence.

A

Laboratory

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28
Q

Other forms of scientific evidence are observational or ___________ studies and experimental studies, which are ________ and in relative agreement as to results.

A

Qualitative
Repeated

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29
Q

Anatomy, neurology, physiology, pathology, psychology and sociology are all considered scientific _________.

A

Knowledge

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30
Q

What includes scientific laws and is underpinned by philosophy?

A

Scientific Knowledge

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31
Q

The intellectually disciplined process of actively and skillfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing and/or evaluating information gathered from or generated by observation, experience, reflection, reasoning or communication.

A

Critical Thinking

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32
Q

Critical thinking is the awakening of the intellect to the study of itself and is a guide to ______ and ______.

A

Belief
Action

33
Q

A mode of thinking applied to any scientific subject, content or problem in which the thinker improves the quality of their thinking by imposing intellectual standards of critical thinking.

A

Scientific Thinking

34
Q

A systematic and organized set of steps that require some type of measurement to analyze results related to theories of what we know about the world.

A

Scientific Method

35
Q

What are the 2 major ways of obtaining data?

A

1) Measurement
2) Observation

36
Q

Data is generally gained through ____________ and ___________ methods.

A

Quantitative
Qualitative

37
Q

The scientific method is an _______ process where self-correction and verification are built in.

A

Ongoing

38
Q

Science contributes to our _________ knowledge. It provides the theoretical frameworks and ________ methods within which we are able to successfully describe, explain and predict the nature of “the world.”

A

Empirical
Research

39
Q

A type of knowledge relying on or derived from observation or experiment that is verifiable or provable.

A

Empirical Knowledge

40
Q

_________ knowledge of or being a philosophy of medicine emphasizes practical experience and observation over scientific theory.

A

Empirical

41
Q

T/F - Everything discovered through science is guaranteed to be true.

A

False - NOTHING discovered through science is guaranteed to be true.

42
Q

Application of existing basic and clinical science to a new hypothesis to assess how likely an idea is to be true.

A

Biological Plausibility

43
Q

Biological plausibility applies _____ biological and medical knowledge and scientific laws.

A

Prior

44
Q

__________ ____________ should be put into context with clinical evidence, just as clinical evidence must be put into the context of scientific plausibility.

A

Biological Plausibility

45
Q

How many categories are there for biological plausibility?

A

3

46
Q

A category of biological plausibility involving treatments with a _____ mechanism or mechanisms of action that should, according to existing models, produce a certain clinical effect.

A

Known

47
Q

A category of biological plausibility that is not implausible, but _______ or _______ with respect to plausibility. There is no particular reason to think that they should work, but no reason to suspect that they do no or cannot work either.

A

Neutral
Unknown

48
Q

A category of biological plausibility involving treatments that are inherently ___________ and that not only lack a known mechanism of action, they _______ basic laws of science.

A

Implausible
Violate

49
Q

Based on the principle that informed medical decision making is achieved by integrating the best available evidence with clinical expertise and patient values.

A

Evidence-Based Practice

50
Q

For clinicians to be _________ they must be able to understand and apply the following steps in clinical practice:
- Ask a clinical question
- Acquire evidence to answer the question
- Critically appraise the evidence
- Apply evidence to the clinical question
- Assess the process related to the clinical context

A

Competent

51
Q

Evaluates medical treatments, research and products of interest to the public in a scientific light in relation to prior scientific (biological) plausibility, known physical laws and logic.

A

Science-Based Practice

52
Q

Science-based practice considers evidence-based practice by itself is incomplete when it lacks consideration of ____________.

A

Plausibility

53
Q

Participant does not know if they are receiving real or inert treatment, which is expected to have no effect.

A

Placebo Effect in Research (aka. Non-Specific Treatment Effect)

54
Q

Natural course of healing + observed or __________ effects of treatment (e.g. psychological, suggestion, conditioning, neurobiological) = Non-Specific Treatment Effects (NSTE)

A

Contextual

55
Q

T/F - Contextual effects may improve objective measurements (e.g. ROM), but do not improve subjective reports (e.g. feels easier to move).

A

False - Contextual effects DO NOT improve objective measurements (e.g. ROM), but MAY improve subjective reports (e.g. feels easier to move).

56
Q

A statistical phenomenon where there is natural variation in repeated data that looks like real change. Could also be when unusually large or small measurements are followed by measurements closer to the mean.

A

Regression to the Mean (RTM)

57
Q

T/F - Assume RTM unless the data shows otherwise, that means more than one set of data.

A

True

58
Q

There is now increasing evidence that the RTM effect is a much bigger part of the placebo response than the genuine _____________ placebo effect.

A

Psychosomatic

59
Q

A spectrum of beliefs and claims about health, disease and treatments that are enthusiastically advocated but scientifically unproven.

A

Complimentary Alternative Medicine (CAM) (aka. Complimentary/Integrative Medicine)

60
Q

T/F - Medical doctors argue that there is no such thing as alternative or complimentary medicine.

A

True

61
Q

To be considered medicine, it has to be supported, tested or testable and most importantly _________.

A

Plausible

62
Q

The attitude of doubting knowledge claims set forth in various areas. Questions the alleged truth of claims and challenges the purported rational grounds of accepted assumptions.

A

Skepticism

63
Q

________ challenge:
- Claim adequacy/reliability
- Principles claims are based upon
- What claims actually establish

A

Skeptics

64
Q

Defines skepticism around the principles of scientific investigation (aka. the scientific method). It addresses testable claims, as untestable claims are simply outside the realm of science.

A

Scientific Skepticism

65
Q

Right and wrong conduct, or what we ought to do and what we ought not to do. Medical ______ concerns how to handle moral problems arising out of the care of patients.

A

Ethics

66
Q

Often clinical decisions must consider more than just the patient’s medical _________.

A

Condition

67
Q

What are the 4 main ethical principles?

A

1) Autonomy
2) Beneficence
2) Non-Maleficence
4) Justice

68
Q

An ethical principle that relates to the patient. The capacity to think, decide and act on their own initiative.

A

Autonomy

69
Q

A health care provider’s responsibility related to ________ is to:
- Provide full information for decision making
- Uphold the patient’s decision, even if it appears medically wrong

A

Autonomy

70
Q

An ethical principle that involves promoting what is best for the patient and upholds the general moral principle of doing good by others (e.g. professional/caring relationship).

A

Beneficence

71
Q

Sometimes the patient’s wishes and the health professional’s judgement are _________ when it comes to beneficence.

A

Divergent

72
Q

With beneficence, we want to consider the patient’s physical and ______ suffering and risk of treatment.

A

Mental

73
Q

An ethical principle meaning do no harm and there are risk/benefit considerations.

A

Non-Maleficence

74
Q

An ethical principle that questions if the needs of the few outweigh the needs of the many (e.g. triage, use of resources).

A

Justice

75
Q

T/F - There can be disparity between beneficence, autonomy and non-maleficence.

A

False - There can be disparity between beneficence, autonomy and JUSTICE.

76
Q

The study of knowledge and justified belief. The creation and dissemination of knowledge concerned with specific questions.

A

Epistemology

77
Q

____________ is concerned with the following questions:
- What are the necessary & sufficient conditions of knowledge?
- What are its sources, structures & limits?
- How we are to understand the concept of justification?
- What makes justified beliefs justified?
- Is justification internal or external to one’s own mind?

A

Epistemology

78
Q
  • What are the necessary & sufficient conditions of knowledge?
  • What are its sources, structures & limits?
  • How we are
A

T4 RESEARCH (7 decks)

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