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Gcse Biology > Topic 1 - Key Concepts > Flashcards

Topic 1 - Key Concepts Flashcards

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1
Q

State two types of cell

A

Eukaryotic, Prokaryotic

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2
Q

What is the difference between a eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell?

A

A eukaryotic cell contains a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. A prokaryotic cell does not.

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3
Q

List components of both plant and animak cells?

A 
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
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4
Q

How is genetic information stored in a eukaryotic cell?

A

Within the nucleus, arranged in chromosomes

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5
Q

Other than storing genetic information, what is the function of the nucleus?

A

Controls celluar activities

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6
Q

Describe the structure of the cytoplasm

A

Fluid/jelly-like component cell

Contains organelles, enzymes and dissolved ions and nutrients

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7
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm

A

Site of celluar reactions/chemical process

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8
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

Controls the entry and exit of materials into and out the cell

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9
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

Site of later stages of aerobic respiration in which ATP is produced

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10
Q

What is the function of the ribosomes?

A

Joins amino acids in a specific order during translation

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11
Q

Which organelles are found in plant cells only?

A

Large, permanent vacoule
Cell wall
Chloroplasts

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12
Q

What is the cell wall made of?

A

Cellulose

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13
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

Provides structural integrity

Prevents the cell bursting when water enters by osmosis

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14
Q

What does the permanent vacoule contain?

A

A solution of salts, sugars and organic acids (cells sap)

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15
Q

What is the function of the permanent vacoule?

A

Supports the cell, maintaining its turgidity

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16
Q

What is the function of the chloroplasts?

A

Site of photosynthesis

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17
Q

When looking at a cell using a light microscope, why do chloroplast appear green?

A

Contain chlorophyll; a green pigment

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18
Q

List the organelles found in prokaryotic cell

A 
Chromosomal DNA
Plasmid DNA
Cell Wall
Cell membrane 
Ribosomes
Flagella
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19
Q

How is genetic information stored in prokaryotic cell?

A

Found free within the cytoplams:
Chromosomal DNA (single large loop of circular DNA)
Plasmid DNA

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20
Q

What are plasmids?

A

Small, circular loops of DNA found free in cytoplasm and separate from the main DNA
Carry genes that provide genetic advantages e.g antibiotic resistance

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21
Q

What is a flagellum?

A

Long, rotating, “whip-like” protrusion

Enables bacteria to move

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22
Q

What is a haploid cell?

A

A cell that contains a single copy of each chromosome (half the number)
23 chromosomes in humans

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23
Q

What is a diploid cell?

A

A cell that contains two copies of each chromosome (full set of chromosomes)

46 chromosomes in humans

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24
Q

What are gametes?

A

Reproductive cells

They are haploid cells

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25
Describe sexual reproduction in term of chromosome number?
Two haploid gametes fuse | Resulting embryo has two chromosomes for each gene and two copies for each allele
26
Describe how egg cells are adapted their function?
Haploid nucleus contains genetic material Mitochondria in cytoplasm produce energy for the developing embryo Cytoplams contains nutrients for the developing embryo Cell membrane hardens after fertilisation, preventing the entry of other sperm and ensuring the zygote is diploid
27
Describe how sperm cells are adapted to their function?
Haploid nucleus contain genetic information Tail enables movement Mitochondria provide energy for tail movement Acrosome contains enzymes that digest the egg cell membrane
28
Where are ciliated epithelial cells found?
Found lining the surface of structures such as the respiratory tract and uterus.
29
Describe the function of ciliated epithelial cells lining the airways
Move in sychronised waves to beat mucus (containing dirt and pathogens) up to the back of throat where it can be swallowed.
30
What is magnification?
The number of times bigger an image appears compared to the size of the specimal
31
How can the total magnification of an image be calculated from lens powers?
Total mag = eyepiece lens magnification x objective lens magnification
32
How can the magnification of an image be calculated?
Magnification = size of image / size of specimen
33
What is resolution?
The smallest distance between two obejcts that can be distinguished
34
How does a lighy microscope work?
Passes a beam of light through a specimen which travels through the eyepiece lens, allowing the specimen to be observed.
35
What are advantages of light microscopes?
Inexpensive Easy to use Portable Observe both dead and living specimens
36
What is the disadvantage of light microscopes?
Limited resolution
37
How does an electron microscope work?
It uses a beam of electrons which are focused using magnets. The electrons hit a flourescent screen which emits visible light, producing an image.
38
Name two types of electron microscopes
Transmission electron microscopes (TEM) | Scanning electron microscope (SEM)
39
What is the advantage of electron microscopes?
Greater magnification and resolution | Which means some sub cellular structures e,g ribosomes can be seen
40
Why do electron microscopes and have a greater magnification and resolution?
They use a beam electrons which has a shorter wavelength than photons of light
41
How have electron microscopes enabled scientists to develop their understanding of cells?
Allow small sub-cellular structures to be observed in detail | Enable scientists to develop more accurate explanations about how cell structure relates to function
42
What are the disadvantages of electron microscopes?
Expensive Large so less portable Require training to use Only dead specimens can be observed
43
Si Units
Mm: 10x-3 Um (micrometer):10x-6 Nm: 10x-9 Pm:10x-12
44
What are enzymes?
Biological catalyst that increase the rate of chemical reaction without being permanently altered themselves
45
What is an advantage of enzymes in body?
They enable cellular reactions to take place at lower temperatures
46
What is the active site of an enzymes?
The region of an enzyme to which a substrate molecule binds and the reaction takes place
47
Why are enzymes described as having a “high specificity” for their substrate?
Only substrates with a specific, complementary shape can fit into an enzyme’s active site.
48
Describe the “lock and key” model
1) substrate collides with the active site of an enzyme 2) Substrate binds, enzyme-substrate complex forms 3) Substrate converted to products 4) Products released from the active site which is now free to bind to another substrate
49
What factors affect the rate of an enzyme-controlled reaction?
Temperature pH Substrate concentration
50
Explaim how increasing temp intially affects the rate of enzyme-controlled reaction
As temperature increases molecules have more KE Movement of molecules increase Probability of a successful collision increases More enzyme-substrate complexes form Rate of reaction increases
51
Explain how increasing temperature above the optimum affects the rate of an enzyme-controlled reaction
Temperature increases above the optimum Increased vibrations break bonds in enzyme structure Active site changes shape, enzyme is denatured No more enzyme-substrate complexes can form Rate of reaction decreases
52
Explain how pH affects the rate of an enzyme-controlled reaction
Enzymes have an optimum pH pH shifts from the optimum Bonds in the enzyme’s structure are altered Active site changes shape, enzyme is denatured Rate of reaction decreases
53
Explain how the substrate concentration affects the rate of an enzyme-controlled reaction
Substrate concentration increases Number of substrate molecules in the same volumes increases Probability of a successful collisions increases More enzyme-substrate complexes form Rate of reaction increased Once all active sites, become full, the rate of reaction plateaus
54
Draw a graph to show the effect of increasing substrate concentration on rate of an enzyme-catalysed reaction
55
How can the rate of an enzyme-controlled reaction be calculated when given a value for time?
Rate = 1/time | Units S^-1
56
Why must large organic molecules be broken down into smaller,simpler molecules in the body?
Large molecules are too big to absorbed across the surface of the gut wall Large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules for absorption into the bloodstream
57
Give an example of the breakdown of large molecules into smaller molecules plants
Starch is broken down by enzymes into simpler sugars which are respired to release energy
58
What type of molecules are proteins and carbohydrates?
Polymers
59
What are the monomers of carbohydrates?
Simple sugars
60
Which group of enzymes catalyses the breakdown of carbohydrates?
Carbohydrases
61
Which type of carbohydrase catalyses the breakdown of starch?
Amylase
62
What are the monomers of proteins?
Amino acids
63
What type of enzyme catalyses the breakdown of proteins?
Proteases
64
What is the function of lipases?
Enzymes which catalyse the breakdown of lipids into fatty acids and glycerol
65
Why are small molecules synthesised into larger organic molecules in the body?
Large molecules are used for storage (glycogen) or are used to build structures (organelles)
66
Which enzyme catalyses the formation of glycogen from glucose
Glycogen synthase

Gcse Biology (14 decks)

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