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Biology > Topic 1 - Key concepts in biology > Flashcards

Topic 1 - Key concepts in biology Flashcards

(70 cards)

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1
Q

What happens to rate of reaction initially as temperature increases

A

Rate increases as particles gain more KE, move faster and have more collisions, and form enzyme-substrate complexes

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2
Q

What is quantitive test?

A

Tells you if something is present or not, no scale

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3
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm

A

Where most of chemical reactions take place. It is jelly-like and contains dissolved nutrients & salts

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4
Q

What is chromosonal dna?

A

DNA of bacterial cells, found loose in cytoplasm

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5
Q

What type of molecules are proteins and carbohydrates?

A

Polymers

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6
Q

Which part of microscope is slide placed on

A

stage

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7
Q

How to convert metric units

A

km x1000 = m x1000 = cm x10 = mm x1000 = um x1000 = nm

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8
Q

What is the test for reducing sugars?

A

Add few drops of Benedict’s solution to food solution. Heat test tube in water bath. If solution stays blue, there are no reducing sugars. If it turns red/orange/yellow/green, food contains reducing sugars.

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9
Q

How does a light microscope work?

A

Passes beam of light through specimen that travels through eyepiece lens

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10
Q

Why are enzymes needed

A

Large molecules are too big to be absorbed across gut wall surface so are broken down to be absorbed in bloodstream

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11
Q

What is the function of ribosomes

A

Where proteins are made by protein synthesis

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12
Q

Give name and function of two dials on light microscope

A

The coarse and fine focussing dials. They both move the stage. Coarse focussing dial moves stages faster than fine focussing dial

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13
Q

What is lock and key theory

A

Specific substrate (Key) binds to complementary active site (lock) and is broken down and released

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14
Q

What is the function of chloroplast

A

Where photosynthesis happens, has chlrorophyll which absorbs light energy for photosynthesis

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15
Q

What is function of lipases

A

Catalyse breakdown of lipids into fatty acods and glycerol

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16
Q

Which enzyme catalyse formation of glycogen from glucose

A

Glycogen synthase

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17
Q

What is active transport?

A

Net movement of molecules across a cell membrane from area of low concentration to area of high concentration against the concentration gradient using energy

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18
Q

What are monomers of proteins?

A

Amino acids

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19
Q

What is the function of cell membrane

A

Controls movement of substances in and out of cell (what goes in and out of cell), holds cell together

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20
Q

Describe a methid used to prepare a slide for observation under a light microscope

A
  1. Add drop of water to middle of clean slide
  2. Cut onion and seperate into layers. Use tweezers to peel off thin layer of onion
  3. Use tweezers to place thin layer of onion in water on slide
  4. Add drop of iodine solution
  5. Place cover slip on top and slowly remove air bubbles
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21
Q

What is the point where the rate of reaction for the conditions is at its highest

A

Optimum

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22
Q

How have electron microscopes enabled scientists to develop their understanding of cells?

A
  • Allow sub-cellular structures to be viewed in detail
  • Allow scientists to develop more accurate explanations about how cell structure relates to function
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23
Q

What is test for lipids (fats) in liquid food?

A

Add few drops of ethanol to food solution. Shake test tube and leave for one minute. Pour solution in test tube of water. If solution turns cloudy, food contains lipids

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24
Q

What is function of objective lens

A

To magnify image of sample

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25
What are advantages of light microscopes
* Inexepensive * Easy to use * Portable * Can view dead and living specimens
26
How to calculate rate of enzyme reaction when given time?
Rate = 1 / Time
27
What is the function of the nucleus
Controls cell activities --- Contains genetic material (including DNA)
28
Why are small molecules synthesised into larger organic molecules in body
Used for storage (E.g. glycogen) or used to build structures (E.g. Organelles)
29
What factors affect rate of enzyme controlled reaction
* Temperature * pH * Substrate concentration
30
What is plant cell wall made of
Cellulose
31
What is test for protein?
Add few drops of Bieuret solution. If solution stays blue, there are no protein. If solution turns purple, food contains protein.
32
What are advantages of electron microscopes
Greater magnificaton and resolution
33
What is osmosis?
Net movement of water molecules from area of high water concentration to area of low water concentration through partially permeable membrane
34
What are units for rate
s^-1
35
What are organelles in bacterial cells
Chromosonal DNA, Plasmid DNA, Cell membrane, Ribosome, Flagella
36
What is method used to measure amount of energy in sample of food (Caliometry)
1. Measure and record mass of food 2. Measure 20cm^3 of water in boiling tube 3. Record starting temperature 4. Set food alight (E.g. using bunsen burner) and hold under boiling tube until fully burnt out 5. Record final temperature 6. Calculate change in temperature 7. Calculate energy released
37
How to calculate energy released per gram of food
(Mass of water (g) x temp rise (C) x 4.2) / mass of food (g)
38
Describe method used to observe sample using light microscope
1. Clip prepared slide onto stage 2. Select lowest powered objective lens 3. Use coarse focussing dial to move stage up to just below eyepiece lens 4. Look through eyepiece and use course focussing dial to move stage downwards untilimage is roughly in focus 5. Adjust focus with fine focussing dial 6. Increase magnification if needed, swap to higher powered objective lens and refocus
39
How are egg cells adapted to their functions?
* Nutrients in cytoplasm * Haploid nucleus * Changes in cell membrane after fertilisation
40
How to calculate energy released
Mass of water (g) x 4.2 x temp rise (C)
41
What do samples need to be placed on to observe them
A Slide
42
What is fuction of mitochondria
Where most energy released by respiration
43
What is plasmid dna?
DNA in cytoplasm that can move between bacterium, gives variation
44
What factors affect diffusion
* Temperature * Concentration Gradient * Surface area of cell membrane
45
What does it mean in an enzyme is denatured?
Shape of active site changes and it can no longer bind to substrate
46
What are monomers of carbohydrates
Simple sugars
47
How do electron microscopes work
Uses beam of electrons focused using magnets. Electrons hit fluorescent screen that emits light producing image
48
What is semi-quantitive test?
Tells you how much of something is present
49
How to calculate percentage change?
((final value - initial value) / initial value) x 100
50
What is diffusion?
Net movement of molecules from area of high concentration to area of low concentration down concentration gradient
51
What is test for lipids (fats) in solid food?
Rub some food onto filter paper. Hold paper up to light. If paper becomes translucent, food contains lipids
52
What type of carbohydrase catalyse sbreakdown of startch?
Amylase
53
What is the function of permenant vacuole?
Keeps cell firm, filled with cell sap
54
What is an enzyme
Biological catalysts that speed chemical reactions inside organisims
55
How are sperm cells adapted for their function
They have acrosome,haploid nucleus, mitochondria, tail
56
How does substrate concentration affect rate of enzyme reaction?
Number of substrate molecules in same volume increases so probability of collision increases so more enzyme-substrate complexes form meaning rate of reaction increases
57
What is function of flagella
Rotate or move in whip-like motion to move bacteria
58
What is function of ciliated epithelial cells
Move mucus out of body
59
What type of enzymes catalyses breakdown of proteins
Proteases
60
How does pH affect rate of enzyme reaction
As pH shifts from optimum, enzyme structure bonds are altered and enzyme denatures so rate of reaction decreases.
61
What is test for starch
Add few drops of iodine solution to food solution. If solution stays orangey-brown, there is no startch. If it turns blue-black, food contains starch
62
What ia formula for total magnification?
Total Mangification = Eyepiece Lens x Objective Lens
63
What are subcellular structures in plant cells
Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Cell membrane, Mitochondria, Ribosomes, Cell Wall, Vacuole, Chloroplasts
64
WHow is sample-food prepared for testing
Crushed using mortat and pestle, add few drops of distilled water and mix well
65
What is active site of enzyme
Part of enzyme substrate binds to and reaction takes place
66
What is calorimetry?
Method of measuring heat transfer during chemical reaction
67
What group of enzymes catalyse carbohydrate breakdown
Carbohydrases
68
What is the function of a cell wall?
Provide structure and protection to cell
69
Which part of microscope do you look at to view sample?
Eyepiece
70
What are the subcellular structures in an animal cell?
* Nucleus* Cytoplasm* Cell Membrane* Mitochondria* Ribosome

Biology (5 decks)

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