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IMMUNOHEMA OFFSEM PM > TOPIC 1 - P1 > Flashcards

TOPIC 1 - P1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Advocacy and promotion of voluntary blood donation and healthy lifestyle.
Provision of whole blood and packed red cells
Storage, issuance, transport and distribution of whole blood and packed red blood cells.
Compatibility testing of red cell units, if hospital-based.

A

BLOOD STATION (BS)

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2
Q

Advocacy and promotion of voluntary blood donation and healthy lifestyle.
Recruitment, retention and care of VNRBD; Screening and selection of VNRBD.
Conduct of health education and counseling services.
Collection of blood (mobile or faciity-based) from qualified VNRBD.
Transport of blood to Blood Center (BC) for testing and processing.

A

BLOOD COLLECTION UNIT (BCU)

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3
Q

Advocacy and promotion of voluntary blood donation and healthy lifestyle.
Storage and issuance of whole blood and blood components obtained from a BC.

A

BLOOD BANK (BB)

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4
Q

IN BLOOD BANK (BB), THE FF. SHALL ALSO BE PROVIDED..

A

i . Compatibility testing of red cell units
ii . Direct Coombs test
iii . Red cell antibody screening
iv. Investigation of transfusion reactions

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5
Q

Advocacy and promotion of voluntary blood donation and healthy lifestyle.
Recruitment , retention and care of VNRBD.
Collection of blood (mobile or faciity-based) from qualified VNRBD.
Conduct health education & counseling.
Testing of units of blood for Transfusio Transmitted Infections (TTIs).
Processing and provision of WB and blood components.
Storage, issuance, transport and distribution of units of whole blood (WB) and/or blood component to the hospitals & other health facilities.

A

BLOOD CENTER (BC)

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6
Q

______: blood was taken from three young men and given to _________; unfortunately, all four died.

A

1942 ; Pope Innocent VII

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7
Q

WHAT YEAR WAS THE FIRST TIME A BLOOD TRANSFUSION WAS RECORDED IN HISTORY

A

1942

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8
Q

WHO AND WHAT YEAR WAS sodium phosphate USED as anticoagulant.

A

1869: Braxton Hicks

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9
Q

WHAT YEAR AND WHO discovered the ABO blood groups.

A

1901: Karl Landsteiner:

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10
Q

WHO carried out vein-to-vein transfusion of blood by using multiple syringes and a special cannula for puncturing the vein through the skin.

A

Edward E. Lindemann:

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11
Q

WHO designed syringe-valve apparatus that transfusions from donor to patient.

A

Unger

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12
Q

WHAT YEAR AND WHO used sodium citrate as an anticoagulant solution for transfusions.

A

1914: Hustin:

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13
Q

WHAT YEAR AND WHO determined the minimum amount of citrate needed for anticoagulation and demonstrated its nontoxicity in small amounts.

A

1915: Lewisohn:

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14
Q

WHAT YEAR AND WHO introduced a citrate-dextrose solution for the preservation of blood.

A

1916: Rous and Turner

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15
Q

WHO IS UNDER THE establishment of a system of blood banks.

A

Dr. Charles Drew:

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16
Q

WHAT YEAR AND WHO IS appointed director of the first American Red Cross blood bank at Presbyterian Hospital.

A

1941, DR. CHARLES DREW

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17
Q

WHAT YEAR AND WHO: formula for the preservative acid-citrate-dextrose (ACD).

A

1943: Loutit and Mollison

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18
Q

WHAT YEAR AND WHO introduced an improved preservative solution called citrate phosphate-dextrose (CPD)

A

1957: Gibson

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19
Q

less acidic; eventually replaced ACD as the standard preservative used for blood storage.

A

CPD

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20
Q

Frequent transfusions and the massive use of blood soon resulted in new problems, such as circulatory overload.. these problems was solved by _______

A

Component Therapy

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21
Q

Traditionally, the amount of whole blood in a unit has been _____ mL +/–10% of blood (1 pint).

A

450

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22
Q

(current status), More recently, ____ mL +/–10% of blood are being collected.

A

500

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23
Q

(current status), Volume of anticoagulant-preservative solution being increased from ____ mL to ___ mL.

A

63 ; 70

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24
Q

(current status), in 110-pound donor, a maximum volume of ____ can be collected, including samples drawn for processing.

A

525 mL

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25
(current status) Donors can replenish the fluid lost from the 1-pint donation in ____.
24 hours
26
(current status), Donor’s red cells are replaced within _____ after donation.
1 to 2 months
27
(current status), volunteer donor can donate whole blood every ____
8 weeks
28
then; 450 mL of blood per _____ mL anticoagulant now; ____ mL blood per 70 mL anticoagulant
63 mL 500 mL
29
DATE TEST REQUIRED FOR THE FF. TESTS Syphilis HBsAg anti-HBc anti-HCV anti-HIV-1/2
1950s 1971 1986 1990 1992
30
DATE TEST REQUIRED FOR THE FF. TESTS anti-HTLV-I/II HIV-1 (NAT) HCV (NAT) WEST NILE VIRUS (NAT) anti-T.cruzi
1997 1999 1999 2004 2007
31
crucial for normal erythrocyte survival and function
1.Normal chemical composition and structure of the RBC membrane 2.Hemoglobin structure and function 3.RBC metabolism
32
(RBC Bio and Preserv) Defects in any or all of these areas will result in RBCs surviving less than the ______ in circulation.
normal 120 days
33
RBC Membrane is ______
Semipermeable lipid bilayer
34
main lipid components of the membrane
Phospholipids
35
Proteins that extend from the outer surface and span the entire membrane to the inner cytoplasmic side of the RBC
Integral membrane proteins
36
protein Beneath the lipid bilayer
Peripheral proteins
37
Two important RBC characteristics: ______ and _____
deformability and permeability
38
Loss of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) (energy) levels leads to a decrease in the phosphorylation of ______ and, in turn, a loss of membrane ________.
spectrin ; deformability
39
Accumulation or increase in deposition of membrane calcium also results, causing an increase in ________ and ________.
membrane rigidity ; loss of pliability
40
Exemplified by the formation of “_______” (cells with a reduced surface-to-volume ratio) and “_______,” in which the removal of a portion of membrane has left a permanent indentation in the remaining cell membrane.
spherocytes ; bite cells
41
(RBC Permeability) Freely permeable to _____ and _________ and ______ & impermeable to cations such as _____ and ______
water and anions chloride (Cl–) and bicarbonate (HCO3–) ; sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+).
42
Erythrocyte intracellular-to-extracellular ratios for Na+ and K+ are ____ and ______, respectively.
1:12 and 25:1
43
control these pumps and to prevent excessive intracellular Ca2+ buildup.
Calmodulin
44
PW that produce ATP are mainly _____
anaerobic
45
3 PW that serve to maintain the structure and function of hemoglobin
Pentose phosphate pathway Methemoglobin reductase pathway Luebering-Rapoport shunt
46
________ has a significant effect on the affinity of Hb for oxygen and therefore affects how well RBCs function post-transfusion.
amount of 2,3-DPG found within RBCs
47
PW that permits the accumulation of an important RBC organic phosphate, 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG).
Luebering-Rapoport shunt
48
Conformation of the deoxyHb molecule is known as the ______: due to ______ by Hb, binding of 2,3-DPG.
tense (T) form ; unloading of oxygen
49
_____ form of the hemoglobin molecule: Hb loads oxygen (oxyHb), expelling 2,3-DPG.
Relaxed (R)
50
Relaxed (R) form has ______ affinity for oxygen
higher
51
______ allosteric changes that occur as the hemoglobin loads and unloads oxygen.
Respiratory movement
52
Normal position of the oxygen dissociation curve depends on ______
3 different ligands
53
Shift to the right: ____
hypoxia
54
Shift to the left: multiple transfusions of _________
2,3-DPG–depleted stored blood.
55
Goal: to provide viable and functional blood components for patients requiring blood transfusion.
RBC PRESERVATION
56
2 criteria are used to evaluate new _______ and _____
preservation solutions ; storage containers
57
_____ is a measure of in vivo RBC survival following transfusion.
RBC viability
58
FDA requires an average _____ post-transfusion RBC survival of more than ___.
24-hour ; 75%
59
FDA Mandates that red cell integrity be maintained throughout the shelf-life of the stored RBCs. assessed as free Hb less than ______.
1% of total Hb
60
blood is stored: _____
1°C - 6°C
61
220 to 250 mg of iron = _________
one RBC unit
62
_____, was incorporated in an attempt to stimulate glycolysis so that ATP levels were better maintained
CPD
63
CPD solution + Adenine = ________
(CPDA-1)
64
increases ADP levels, thereby driving glycolysis toward the synthesis of ATP
(CPDA-1)
65
(CPDA-1) ___ mM of adenine plus ____ more glucose than CPD _____ days
0.25 ; 25% ; 35 days
66
NAME AND DAYS FOR: ACD-A CPD CP2D CPDA-1
Acid Citrate Dextrose (formula A) = 21 days Citrate Phosphate Dextrose = 21 days Citrate Phosphate Double-Dextrose = 21 days Citrate-phosphate-dextrose-adenine = 35 days
67
in RBC preservation, factors may limit the ______ of transfused RBCs.
viability
68
in RBC preservation, ________ used for the storage container
plastic material
69
in RBC preservation, must be sufficiently permeable to ____ in order to maintain higher pH levels during storage.
CO2
70
in RBC preservation, Majority used: _______ plastic bags
polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
71
CHEMICALS IN ANTICOAGULANT SOLUTIONS function: chelates calcium, prevents clotting
citrate (sodium citrate or citric acid)
72
CHEMICALS IN ANTICOAGULANT SOLUTIONS citrate (sodium citrate or citric acid) is present in
ACD-A CPD CP2D CPDA-1
73
CHEMICALS IN ANTICOAGULANT SOLUTIONS function: maintains pH during storage; necessary for maintenance of adequate levels of 2,3-DPG
Monobasic sodium phosphate
74
CHEMICALS IN ANTICOAGULANT SOLUTIONS Monobasic sodium phosphate is present in
ACD-A CPD CP2D CPDA-1
75
CHEMICALS IN ANTICOAGULANT SOLUTIONS function: substrate for ATP production (cellular energy)
dextrose
76
CHEMICALS IN ANTICOAGULANT SOLUTIONS dextrose is present in
ACD-A CPD CP2D CPDA-1
77
CHEMICALS IN ANTICOAGULANT SOLUTIONS function: production of ATP (extends shelf-life from 21 to 35 days)
Adenine
78
CHEMICALS IN ANTICOAGULANT SOLUTIONS Adenine is present in
CPDA-1

IMMUNOHEMA OFFSEM PM (7 decks)

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