topic 1: tectonic processes and hazards (ai generated)

Question 1

What theory did Wegner propose in 1915?

Answer 1

Theory of continental drift

Evidence included fossils and plant links between continents and similar rock types in mountains on opposite coasts.

Question 2

What was the main problem with Wegner’s theory?

Answer 2

He couldn’t explain why the continents drift.

Question 3

Who proposed the idea that convection in the mantle causes plate movement?

Answer 3

Arthur Holmes.

Question 4

What significant geological feature did the map of the ocean floor reveal?

Answer 4

The mid Atlantic ridge.

Question 5

What concept did Harry Hess and Robert Dietz propose in 1960?

Answer 5

Sea floor spreading.

Question 6

What evidence supported the theory of sea floor spreading?

Answer 6

• Palaeomagnetism
• Age of rock forming on the ocean floor.

Question 7

What is palaeomagnetism?

Answer 7

The study of the magnetic properties of rocks.

Question 8

What does the term ‘benioff zone’ refer to?

Answer 8

The active seismic zone on a destructive plate boundary.

Question 9

What are the three types of plate boundaries?

Answer 9

• Constructive
• Destructive
• Transform.
  collision

Question 10

What is slab pull?

Answer 10

The pulling force exerted by the oceanic plate during subduction.

Question 11

Where do most earthquakes occur globally?

Answer 11

Most are on the Pacific Ring of Fire.

Question 12

What are the three kinds of faults?

Answer 12

• Normal
• Reverse
• Strike-slip.

Question 13

What causes a normal fault?

Answer 13

Tectonic forces that cause the crust to expand and extend.

Question 14

How do reverse faults differ from normal faults?

Answer 14

Reverse faults cause the crust to shorten and move up.

Question 15

What is the primary impact of an earthquake?

Answer 15

Ground shaking leading to infrastructure collapse.

Question 16

What secondary impact can result from an earthquake?

Answer 16

• Landslides
• Aftershocks
• Soil liquefaction.

Question 17

What scale measures the magnitude of an earthquake?

Answer 17

Moment magnitude or Richter scale.

Question 18

What does the Mercalli scale measure?

Answer 18

The intensity of an earthquake based on its effects.

Question 19

What was the magnitude of the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake?

Answer 19

6.9 on the Richter scale.

Question 20

What is a tsunami?

Answer 20

A series of waves caused by displaced water during an earthquake.

Question 21

What does the DART system do?

Answer 21

Detects underwater events that could indicate a tsunami.

Question 22

What is tephra?

Answer 22

Volcanic ash.

Question 23

What characterizes a composite volcano?

Answer 23

• Made of alternating layers of lava and ash
• Eruptions are explosive.

Question 24

What is the Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI)?

Answer 24

A scale that measures the volume of lava and eruption characteristics.

Question 25

What determines the type of volcanic eruption?

Answer 25

* Crystal content * Gas content * Temperature.

Question 26

What is the primary hazard of a volcano?

Answer 26

Lava flows.

Question 27

What is a lahar?

Answer 27

A hot mudslide caused by volcanic activity.

Question 28

What is the focus of an earthquake?

Answer 28

The underground point where an earthquake originates.

Question 29

What is the epicenter of an earthquake?

Answer 29

The point on the ground directly above the focus.

Question 30

What is vulnerability in the context of natural hazards?

Answer 30

The ability to anticipate, cope with, resist, and recover from impacts.

Question 31

What criteria define a disaster according to Dreggs model?

Answer 31

* More than 10 killed * More than 100 affected * State of emergency declared * International assistance required.

Question 32

What is declared when more than 10 people are killed in a disaster?

Answer 32

A state of emergency is declared ## Footnote This indicates the seriousness of the situation and often allows for the mobilization of resources.

Question 33

What does the Dreggs model of a disaster state?

Answer 33

A disaster occurs when a hazardous natural event affects a vulnerable population, leading to human and/or economic loss.

Question 34

Define vulnerability in the context of natural hazards.

Answer 34

The ability of an individual or group to anticipate, cope with, resist, and recover from the impact of a natural hazard.

Question 35

What factors generally increase vulnerability in populations?

Answer 35

* Poverty * Poor physical geography * Poor social conditions

Question 36

What factors can decrease vulnerability?

Answer 36

* Economic wealth * Insurance * Scientific research * Warning and emergency systems

Question 37

What is the risk equation?

Answer 37

Risk = (hazard × vulnerability) / (capacity to cope)

Question 38

Name the two main classifications of natural hazards.

Answer 38

* Geographical hazards * Hydrometeorological hazards

Question 39

What trend has been observed in the frequency of disasters over time?

Answer 39

The frequency of disasters has increased, but the number of deaths has decreased.

Question 40

What is a mega disaster?

Answer 40

A large-scale disaster that requires international support and has high impact but low probability.

Question 41

What is the Disaster Risk Index (DRI)?

Answer 41

A logarithmic scale that compares the number of deaths per million per year against actual deaths from hazards.

Question 42

What are the components of development that relate to disaster risk?

Answer 42

* Economic component * Social component * Environmental component * Political component

Question 43

True or False: A strong and stable government can help minimize the effects of tectonic hazards.

Answer 43

True

Question 44

What does the PAR model illustrate?

Answer 44

The relationship between vulnerability and the impacts of tectonic hazards, highlighting root causes, dynamic pressures, and unsafe conditions.

Question 45

Fill in the blank: The 2008 China earthquake had a magnitude of ______.

Answer 45

7.6

Question 46

What was a significant consequence of the 2008 China earthquake related to government corruption?

Answer 46

Government buildings were built to a higher standard than schools, leading to many school children deaths.

Question 47

What was the magnitude of the Japan earthquake in 2011?

Answer 47

9

Question 48

What was a major consequence of the Fukushima reactor collapse in Japan?

Answer 48

Japan had to revert to using fossil fuels for energy generation.

Question 49

What were the conditions in Haiti that contributed to the severity of the 2010 earthquake?

Answer 49

Unstable government, lack of building regulations, and high levels of government corruption.

Question 50

What is economic leakage?

Answer 50

When money does not stay in a country after a disaster.

Question 51

What are disaster hotspots?

Answer 51

Countries or areas that are extremely prone to hazards such as cyclones or earthquakes.

Question 52

What is a multi-hazard zone?

Answer 52

An area that experiences more than one type of hazard, increasing vulnerability.

Question 53

What is one example of a multi-hazard zone?

Answer 53

The Philippines, known for typhoons, earthquakes, and volcanic activity.

Question 54

What is risk reduction in disaster management?

Answer 54

Strategies aimed at minimizing the impacts of disasters through preparedness and mitigation.

Question 55

What does modifying the event in disaster management entail?

Answer 55

Mitigating the impacts of the hazard by reducing its extent or magnitude.

Question 56

What is hazard mitigation?

Answer 56

Strategies meant to avoid, delay, or prevent hazard events.

Question 57

What is one method to modify the loss from a seismic event?

Answer 57

Working with insurance companies to protect losses.

Question 58

What role do NGOs play in disaster response?

Answer 58

They aim for quick response with necessities like food, water, and sanitation.

Question 59

What does seismicity refer to?

Answer 59

The raw information about how frequently earthquakes affect a particular location.

Question 60

How can public education help reduce vulnerability?

Answer 60

By teaching communities what to do before, during, and after a tectonic hazard.

Question 61

Fill in the blank: In 2004, during the Indian Ocean tsunami, local elders instructed villagers to get to higher ground due to unusual ocean movement, resulting in only ______ deaths.

Answer 61

1 out of 200

Question 62

What is a key focus of the World Risk Index (WRI)?

Answer 62

Assessing how vulnerable areas of the world are to disasters.

Question 63

What does modifying vulnerability aim to achieve?

Answer 63

To reduce the risk a hazard has on the population.

Question 64

True or False: Hazard adaptation strategies are designed to avoid hazard events.

Answer 64

False

Question 65

What is an example of high-tech monitoring used in disaster management?

Answer 65

Mobile phone technology for sending warnings.

Question 66

What is one way to modify a tsunami hazard?

Answer 66

* Offshore barriers * Higher sea walls * Early warning signs * Mangrove forests

Question 67

What are hazard resistive building and engineering practices?

Answer 67

Techniques to enhance the resilience of structures against hazards.

Question 68

What is one method to modify volcanic activity?

Answer 68

Lava diversion barriers.

Question 69

What is the significance of GIS mapping in disaster management?

Answer 69

It can be utilized in all stages of a disaster to show affected areas.

Question 70

How can crisis management reduce vulnerability?

Answer 70

By mapping needs and directing aid where it is most needed.

Question 71

What is the purpose of hazard resistance design?

Answer 71

To modify the event and reduce the impacts of hazards.