Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

IB CHEMISTRY 2017 EXAM > Topic 10; Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Topic 10; Organic Chemistry Flashcards

(66 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

saturated reactant

A

compound which contain only single bonds

e.g. alkanes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

unsaturated reactant

A

compounds which contain double or triple bonds

e.g. alkenes, arenes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

alipathic

A

compounds which don’t contain a benzene ring; can be saturated or unsaturated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

arene

A

compounds with a benzene ring; unsaturated compounds

e.g. benzene, phenol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

electrophile

A

(electron-seeking)

  • an electron-deficent specie which is therefore attracted to pars of a molecule which are electron rich
  • are positive ions or have partial positive charge
  • e.g. NO2, H+
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

nucleophile

A

(nucleus seeking)

  • an electron-rich species which is therefore attracted to parts of molecules which are elctron deficient
  • have alone pair of electrons
  • may have negative/partial negative charge

e.g. Cl-, OH-, NH3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

addition reaction

A
  • occurs when two reactants combine to form a single product
  • characteristics of unsaturated compounds

C2H4 + Br2–> C2H4Br2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

substituion reaction

A
  • occurs when on atom or group of atoms is replaced by a different atom or group
  • characteristics of saturated compounds and aromatic compounds

e.g.
CH3 + Cl2—> CH3Cl + HCL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

addition-eliminiation reaction

A
  • occurs when two reactants join together (addidtion) and in the process a small molcule such as water, hydrocholric acid or ammonia is lost (elmination)
  • reaction occurs betwen functional group in each reactant
  • CONDENSATION reaction
  • e.g.
    alcohol + acid —> ester + water
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

homolytic fission

A

is when a covalent bond breaks by splitting the shared pair of electrons between the two products
- produces two free radicals, each with an unpaired electron
X2– > Xo and Xo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

heterolytic fission

A

is when a covalent bond breaks with both the shared electrons going to one of the produces
- produces two oppositely charged ions
X2– > X+ and X-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

homologous series

A
  • successive members differ by CH2 group
  • same general formula
  • show gradation in physical properties (e.g.boiling point, density, viscocity) increases with mass as london forces (increases due to more electrons)
  • similar chemical properties (same functional groups)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

IUPAC names for carbon chains

A 
1- meth
2- eth
3- prop
4- but
5- pent
6- hex
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

alkene

  1. functional group?
  2. suffix?
  3. example?
  4. general formula/representation?
A

no functional group
-ane
CnH2n+2

e.g. ethane (C6H6)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

alkane

  1. functional group?
  2. suffix?
  3. example?
  4. general formula/representation?
A

alkenyl

  • ene
  • ethene C2H4

CnH2n

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

alkyne

  1. functional group?
  2. suffix?
  3. example?
  4. general formula/representation?
A

alkynyl

  • yne
  • ethyne; C2H2

formula; CnH2n-2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

alcohol

  1. functional group?
  2. suffix?
  3. example?
  4. general formula/representation?
A

hydroxyl

  • anol
  • ethanol; C2H5OH

CnH2n+1OH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

ether

  1. functional group?
  2. suffix?
  3. example?
  4. general formula/representation?
A

ether

  • oxyalkane
  • methoxyethane; H3–C–O–C2H5
  • R–O–R
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

aldehyde

  1. functional group?
  2. suffix?
  3. example?
  4. general formula/representation?
A

aldehyde (carbonyl)

  • anal
  • propanal; C2H5CHO
  • R—CHO
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

ketone

  1. functional group?
  2. suffix?
  3. example?
  4. general formula/representation?
A

carbonyl
-anone
- propanone; CH3COCH3
R–CO–R

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

carboxylic acid

  1. functional group?
  2. suffix?
  3. example?
  4. general formula/representation?
A

carboxyl
-anoic acid
C2H5COOH3; propanoic acid
- CnH2n+1COOH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

ester

  1. functional group?
  2. suffix?
  3. example?
  4. general formula/representation?
A

ester

  • anoate
  • methyl propanoate; C2H5COOCH3
  • R—COO—R
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

amide

  1. functional group?
  2. suffix?
  3. example?
  4. general formula/representation?
A

carboxyamide

  • anamide
  • propanamide; C2H5CONH2
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

amine

  1. functional group?
  2. suffix?
  3. example?
  4. general formula/representation?
A

amine
-anamine
C2H5NH2; ethanamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
nitrile 1. functional group? 2. suffix? 3. example? 4. general formula/representation?
nitrile - anenitrile - C2H5CN; propanenitrile
26
arene 1. functional group? 2. suffix? 3. example? 4. general formula/representation?
phenyl - benzene - C6H5CH3; Methyl Benzene
27
alkane side chains
- methyl - ethyl - propyl, etc
28
halogenoalkane side chains
fluoro chloro bromo iodo
29
amine side chains
amino
30
structural isomers
molecules that have the same molecular formula, but different arrangement of the atoms
31
primary carbon compound
- attached to a functional group and at least two other hydrogen atoms
32
secondary carbon compounds
- attached to a functional group and also to one hydrogen atom and two alkyl groups
33
tertiary compounds
- attached to functional group and three allkyl groups (no hydrogen atoms)
34
primary alcohols
oxidation: two step process; form aldehyde and then carboxylic acids - cause orange to green colour change of potassium dichromate - aldehyde can be removed using distillation; stops full reaction e.g. ethanol ---> ethanal---> ethanoic acid (using reflux) - use exces oxygen and heat
35
secondary alcohols
oxidize to ketone cause orange to green colour change in potassium dichromate e. g. pronan-2-ol becomes propanone and water - uses excess oxygen and heat in a reflux reaction
36
tertiary alchol
isnt oxidized | no colochange
37
oxidization reaction; why does Cr(VI) change colour?
- use of acidified potassium dichromate (VI); orange solution - Cr(VI) ion reduced to Cr(III) caues the orange to green colour change
38
arene
derived from benzene (C6H6); phenyl functional group | - no isomers, atypical reactivity for an unsaturated particle
39
explain benzene structure
- benzene cyclic structure; 120 bond angles - hexagonal; stable structure - high degree of unsaturation - delocalized electrons cause resonant structure - stable arragangement; lowers internal energy
40
explain benzene properties
- all C-C bonds are equal and intermediate in length between single and double bonds (each bond has three electrons between bonded atoms) - hydrogenation enthalpy for reaction is stable; its in between a double and single bond due to resonant structure (delocalization minimizes repulsion; stable structure and low internal energy) - benzene udnergoes substitution reactions; reculant to addition reaction (doesn't want to disrupt cloud of delocalization) - 1, 2-dibromobenzene is the only isomer
41
physical properties of organic compounds
- in response to increasing mass/ branching (lower members of series usually gas, higher members become liquid and solids) - branching affects volaitity due strength of intermolecular forces; harder to stack - different polarities + intermolecular forces; functional groups affect
42
halogen affect on boiling point of organic compound
alkane>halogenoalkane> aldehyde>ketone>alcohol>carboxylic acid
43
intermolecular force order in boiling point
london forces dipole-dipole ``` hydrogen bonding (as strength of intermolecular attraction increases) ```
44
alkanes
- low reactivity - undergo free radical substitution reactions - saturated hydrocarbons - use as fuels (combustion)
45
alkane combustion
- used as fuels in international combustion engines or household heating - highly exothermic reaction due to energy released in forming double bond sin CO2 and H2O bonds - burn in presence of excess oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water
46
alkane incomplete combistion
- produces carbon monoxide and water | - extreme oxygen limitation produces just carbon and water
47
alkane combustion implications
- carbon dioxide and water both green house gases; absorb IR radiation and contribute to global warming/climate change - carbon monoxide is toxic; combines irreversibly with haemoglobin; important to provide ventilation in fuel burning places - unburned carbon causes issues in human healthy, and act as catalysts in polluted air; cause global dimming
48
alkane halogenation (free radical subsitution)
- alkanes satured; can undergo substitution with chlorine or bromine - reaction only takes places if there is UV light to break covalent bond in chlorine bond - doesnt work in the dark - forms free radicals to start a chain reaction to form halogenalkane
49
free radical substitution; intiation
- UV breaks bond in chlorine (photochemical homolytic fission) - produces two chlorine radicals
50
free radical substituion; propagation
- free radicals reaction with carbon compounds - continous process e.g. CH4+ Clo---> CH3o + HCL CH3o + Cl2---> CH4Cl + Clo CH2CLo + Cl2--> CH2CL + Clo
51
free radical substitution; termination
- when two radicals react together to pair up their electrons e. g. Clo + Clo--> Cl2 CH3o + Clo--> CH3CL CH3o + CH3o---> C2H6
52
free radical?
a free radical contains an unpaired electron and is very reactive
53
how can you tell if a compound is an alkane or alkene?
- use bromine water test in dark; as alkane need UV light to react whereas alkene don't
54
alkenes
``` unsaturated hydrocarbons high reactivity double bond undergo addition reactions are used as starting matierals in the manufacture of many indusrially imporatnt chemicals ```
55
halogenation of alkene
- addition of halogen (bromine, chlorine, iodine) to form halogenoalkane - room temperature - loss of color in solutions - HBr, HCl or HI can be used ad addition halogen hallides - HI> HBr> HCl reactivity order
56
hydrogenation of alkene
- addition of hydrogen to form an alkane - Nickle Catalyst - 150 C - used to convert oils to saturated compounds such as transfats
57
hydration of alkene
alkene ---> alcohol - addition of water to produce an alcohol - concentrated sulfuric acid catalyst - head with steam - industrial significance; ethanol is important solvent
58
polymerization of alkene
- addition polymers formed - repeating units - polymers contain thousands of monomer molecules e.g. ethene polymerizes to form poly(ethene)
59
alcohols
- hydroxyl functional group | - hydroxyl is polar; icnreases solubliity of compounds in water (relative to comparable molar masses)
60
alcohol combustion
- used as fuel; burn in oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water - used in alcohol burners, etc - enthalpy increases up the homologous series - limited oxygen, produces carbon monoxide
61
oxidizing agents used in alcohol combustion
- acidified potassium dichromate (VI)
62
alcohol esterification reaction
- condensation reaction carboxylic acid + alcohol produces ester and a water - ethanol + ethanoic acid produces ethyl ethanoate - concentrated sulfuric acid catalyst
63
halogenalkane
F, Cl or I bonded to a hydrocarbon saturated molecules; reactions involve substitution - polar bond makes them more reactive
64
nucleophillic substitution
- halogen atom more electronegative than carbon= more polar than carbon; halogen has partially negative charge and carbon partially positive (electron deficient) - nucleophiles (electron rich reactants with lone pair or negative charge) attracted to electron deficient carbon in halogen; replace the halogen e. g. NaOH + CH3Cl---> CH3OH + NaCl
65
benzene
- delocalized electrons give it a special stability; adiddtion reactions are favoured to avoid loss of stable aromatic rings - delocalized ring of electrons is the site of reactivity
66
benzene electrophyllic reactions
- electrophile; electron deficient species that wants electron pairs and forms a bond (positive ion) - benzne reacts with nitronium ion (NO2+ from nitric acid) to form nitro-benzene and water - aluminium trichloride in dry ether used as catalyst

IB CHEMISTRY 2017 EXAM (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions