Topic 10: Respiratory System and Phytomedicines

Question 1

Plants used for Asthma, cough and upper respiratory disease

Answer 1

Ephedric sinica
atropa belladonna
dioscorea mexicana
ammi visnaga
camellia sinensis
eucalyptus golbulus
coffea arabica
papaver somniferum

Question 2

Plant derived drugs used for Asthma

Answer 2

albuterol
 ipatropium
glococorticoids
cromolyn
theophylline

Question 3

Albuterol

Answer 3

derived from ephedrine extracted fro Ephedra Sinica

Question 4

Ipatropium

Answer 4

derived from atropine extracted from atropa belladonna

Question 5

Glucocorticoids

Answer 5

derived from disogenin extracted from discorea mexicana from Mexico

Question 6

Cromolyn

Answer 6

derived from visnagan extracted from Ammi visnaga from north africa

Question 7

Ebers Papyrus

Answer 7

written in 1550 BC. Asthma was written about in it. Describes how a mixture of herbs are placed on a hot brick so that asthmatic patients could inhale the vapors

Question 8

Ephedra sinica

Answer 8

Ma Huang
ariel part used
used for: asthma, sinusitis, stimulant
Active molecule: epherine

Question 9

Ephedrine

Answer 9

similar in structure to amphetamine and methamphetamine
active molecule in Ephedra sinica

CNS stimulant
sympathetic stimulation as a direct agonist on sympathetic receptors & enhances release of norepinephrine

Question 10

psuedoephedrine HCl

Answer 10

stereoisomer of ephedrine- can be chemically reduced to methamphetamine

Question 11

Chemical derivatives of ephedrine

Answer 11

phenylpropanolamine- can be chemically reduced to ampthetamine
albuterol, salmeterol

Question 12

Adrenergic Alpha 1 receptors

Answer 12

increase arteriole restriction & intestinal motility
decrease gland secretion

agonists:
ephedrine, psuedoephedrine

Question 13

Adrenergic Alpha 2 receptors

Answer 13

decrease secretion of insulin from beta islet cells in the pancrease
agonist:
ephedrine

Question 14

adrenergic Beta 1 receptors

Answer 14

increase: 
heart rate
heart contractility
cardiac conduction velocity
renin secretion by kidney which increases blood pressure
agonist:
ephedrine & psuedoephedrine

Question 15

Adrenergic Beta 2 receptors

Answer 15

increase tracheal and bronchiole relaxation & dilation
albuterol only enhances Beta 2
agonist:
ephedrine
albuterol
salmeterol
psuedoephedrine

Question 16

Alpha and Beta Adrenergic Receptor Agonists

Answer 16

Ephedrine & puesdoephedrine isolated from Ephedra Sinica

Question 17

Albuterol & Salmeterol

Answer 17

Ephedrine Derivatives
Used for Asthma treatment
Selective beta 2 receptor agonist (does not increase heart rate)
Therapeutic Uses:
bronchodilator to treat asthma with a rapid onset of action

Question 18

Psuedoephedrine

Answer 18

used for allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis & as a decongestant

• apha 1, beta 1 & 2 agonist.
• can cause an increase in heart rate

Question 19

Atropa Belladonna

Answer 19

Common Name: belladonna
Active Compound: atropine
Chemical derivative: ipatropium bromide- used as a bronchodilator to treat asthma

Question 20

Atropa Belladonna Mechanism of action

Answer 20

ipatropium bromide & atropine: cholinergic blockers which result in brochodilation

Question 21

Disogenin (dioscorea mexicana)

Answer 21

Common Name: wild yam
Geography: Mexico
Habit: Herbaceous climber
Plant part: rhizomes
Ethnomedical Uses: anti inflammatory, fish poisons

Question 22

Chemical Derivatives of Disogenin

Answer 22

Chemical class: steroid
disogenin–> progesterone –> synthesis of:
-corticosteroids/glucocorticoids

Question 23

Ammi visnaga

Answer 23

Common Name: visnaga
Geography: Mediterranean
Ehtnomedical Uses: agina, asthma 
Active Compounds: fruit extract, khellin, visnagin 
Chemical derivative: cromolyn Na

Question 24

Ammi Visnaga Mechanism of Action

Answer 24

cromolyn sodium & khellin: inhibition of pulmonary mast cell degranulation reduces release of histamine which reduces bronchial inflammation, nasal mucosal inflammation, and conjuctival inflammation

Question 25

Camellia Sinensis (tea)

Answer 25

Common Name: Tea Geographical Region: China Active Compounds: caffeine, theophylline, therobromine Chemical Class: methylated xanthines

Question 26

Camellia sinensis Mechanism of Action

Answer 26

Theophylline: relaxes bronchial smooth muscle | Not often used today because if has side effects (increased heart rate)

Question 27

Theophylline Therapeutic Uses:

Answer 27

- asthma as a bronchodilator - cardiac stimulant - angina pectoris - diuretic - peripheral vascular disease - CNS stimulant

Question 28

Eucalyptus Globulus

Answer 28

Australia Ethnomedical Uses: topically as an inhalant for upper respiratory disease and asthma phytomedicines: oil, cineole (eucalypol) -bronchodilator

Question 29

Origanum Vulgare

Answer 29

Common Name: oregano Ethnomedical therapeutic uses of leaf tea: -upper respiratory infection -rhinitis

Question 30

Coffea arabica

Answer 30

``` Common Name: Coffee Active Compound: Caffeine Mech of Action: probably in CNS Therapeutic Uses: -apnea in premature infants -respiratory & circulatory stimulant ```

Question 31

Caffeine Therapeutic Uses

Answer 31

- apnea in premature infants - respiratory stimulant - diuretic - circulatory stimulant - CNS stimulant - migraine headache

Question 32

Caffeine Sources

Answer 32

``` Coffea arabica- coffee Camellia sinensis- tea Theobroma Cacao- chocolate Cola acuminata- cola nut paullinia cupana- guarna ```

Question 33

Papaver Somniferum

Answer 33

S. Europe Ethnomedical Uses of opium (fruit resin): couch, analgesic, inebriant, hypnotic, and to treat diarrhea Active Compound: codeine, antitussive, codeine phosphate Therapeutic Uses: codeine- antitussive, analgesic noscapine- anti tussive

Question 34

Synthetic Antitussive

Answer 34

dextromethorphan is an over the counter anti tussive which is a synthetic opioid which was developed by synthetic chemists based on clues from looking at structure of plant-derived opiate molecules

Question 35

Honey & Coughs

Answer 35

- Dark honey is the best e.g. buckwheat honey | - honey soothes irritated membranes as well as antioxidant and antiviral properties