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chemistry > topic 10 - using resources > Flashcards

topic 10 - using resources Flashcards

1
Q

what are ceramics

A

non metal solids with high metling points

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2
Q

properties clay ceramics

A
  • soft when dug from ground so can be moulded
  • hardens when fired at high temps
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3
Q

properties and types glass ceramics

A
  • moulded when hot
  • brittle (break easily)
  • transparent
  • soda-lime glass - made from limestone, sand and sodium carbonate
  • borosilicate glass has a higher melting point then soda-lime glass
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4
Q

what are composites

A

made from one material embedded into another
fibrs or fragmented are surrounded by a matrix

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5
Q

4 types of composites

A
  1. fibreglass - glass em,bedded in matrix of polymer, low density, very strong, boats/surfboards
  2. carbon fibre - nano tubes with a polymer matrix, strong and light
  3. concrete - aggregate embedded in cement, very strong
  4. wood - cellulose fibres embedded by organic polymer matrix
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6
Q

low density poly(ethene) LDPE and
high density poly(ethene) HDPE

A
  • LDPE made at modeate tempuratures and high pressure, flexible (bags)
  • HDPE made at low temp and low pressure with catalyst, rigid (drainpipes)
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7
Q

thermosoftening polymers and thermosetting polymers

A
  • thermoSOFTENING - weak forces between chains/melt and remould
  • thermoSETTING - cross links, solid structure, don’t soften when heated, hard and rigid.
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8
Q

equation for rust

A

iron+oxygen+water–>hydrated iron(III) oxide (rust)

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9
Q

what is corrosion

A

when metals react with substances in their environment and are gradually destroyed

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10
Q

what happens to ALUMINION when it corrodes compared to iron

A
  • when aluminium oxide corrodes it doesn’t flake away but forms a protective layer that sticks to the aluminion and stops a further reaction
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11
Q

what is needed for iron to rust

A

air and water

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12
Q

barrier method of preventing rust

A
  • painting
  • oiling/ greasing
  • electroplating
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13
Q

sacrificial method of preventing rust

A
  • more reactive metal (eg zinc or magnesium) an the water and oxygen will react with this instead
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14
Q

definition of a finite and renewable energy resource

A

FINITE
- being used up at a faster rate than replaced

RENEWABLE
- formed at same of faster rate then used

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15
Q

how can copper be used more efficently

A
  • extracting low-grade copper from its ore (bc its finite) through BIOLEACHING and PHYTOMINING which are less damaging to the environment but very slow.
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16
Q

4 main stages of a LIFE CYCLE ASSESMENT

A
  1. GET RAW MATERIALS - extracting could damage environment or need energy - polluting
  2. MAUFACTURE AND PACKAGE - energy pollution, waste?
  3. USING - buring fuels?, how long its used for
  4. DISPOSAL - landfill?, transport?, burning- pollution?
17
Q

problems with life cycle assesments

A
  • hard to say what has a worse effect - subjective
  • bias - companies
  • finding the effects of some pollutants isn’t easily quantified
18
Q

what is potable water

A
  • treated water safe for humans to drink
  • not pure because it does contain other dissolved substances
  • pH levels between 6.5 and 8.5
  • not contain any microorganisms
19
Q

where can fresh water be found in the uk

A

surface water - rivers, lakes, resiviours
groundwater - aquifers

20
Q

how to treat fresh water

A
  • FILTRATION - wire mesh for large bits and gravel and sand for small bits
  • STERILISATION - bubbling chlorine, ozone, ultraviolet light.
21
Q

how do dry countries get water

A

treating seawater with DESALINATION by
- distillation
- reverse osmosis (very expensive bc a lot of energy)

22
Q

potable water distillation PRACTICLE

A
  • test pH of water and neutralise it using titration
  • test water for the presence of SODIUM CHLORIDE
  • to distill water pour salty water into distillation apparatus
  • heat flask so water boils leaving dissolved salts in flask
  • steam will condense back into liquid and collect.
23
Q

examples of domestic, agriculture and industrial water waste

A
  • domestic - showers, toilets, washing up, has to be treated to remove organic matter and harmful microbes before it can be put back into rivers
  • agricultural - nutrients run off, has to be treated to remove organic matter and harmful microbes before it can be put back into rivers
  • industrial - factory waste and Haber porcess
24
Q

sewage treatment stages

A
  1. SCREENING - removes large bits
  2. SEDIMENTATION STAND IN SETTLEMENT TANK - heavier bits sink bottom = SLUDGE whilist lighter EFFLUENT floats on top
  3. EFFlUENT removed and treated by AEROBIC DIGESTION (air pumped through to break down organic matter)
  4. SLUDGE broken down by ANAEROBIC DIGESTION which breaks down organic matter and releases METHANE
25
Q

word equation for the HABER PROCESS

A

nitrogen + hydrogen <–> ammonia + (heat)

26
Q

conditions of the haber process

A
  • 450 degrees Celsius COMPROMISE - because at low temps there would be a slower rate of reaction but a high temps the equilibrium will move the wrong way
  • 200 atm - because high pressure maximises % yield and increases rate of reaction but too high would be too ££ and too dangerous.
  • iron catalyst - makes reaction faster but doesn’t effect the yield
27
Q

what do NPK fertilisers contain

A

formulations containing:
N - nitrogen
P - phosphorous
K - potassium

28
Q

why do we need NPK fertilisers

A
  • nutrients for plants to grow
  • the elements may be missing from soil but previous plant
  • increase crop yield and grow bigger and faster.
29
Q

equations for the reaction of ammonium nitrate

A

ammonia + nitric acid –> ammonium nitrate (NH4NO)

30
Q

chemical equation for the HABER PROCESS

A

N2 + 3H2 <–> 2NH3

chemistry (12 decks)

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