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Chemsitry > Topic 10 - Using resources > Flashcards

Topic 10 - Using resources Flashcards

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1
Q

Define a finite resource and give an example.

A

A resource that will eventually run out.
E.g fossil fuels.

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2
Q

Define sustainable development.

A

Development that meets the needs of current generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

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3
Q

What is potable water?

A

Water that is safe to drink.

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4
Q

For humans what must potable water have?

A

Low levels of dissolved salts and microbes.

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5
Q

In the uk where is most potable water produced from and what about other places?

A

In the uk most potable water is produced from fresh water and in other places it is produced from seawater.

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6
Q

How can we obtain potable water from fresh water?

A
  • Choose an appropriate source of water.
  • Pass the water through a series of filter beds - this removes large objects and insolueable molecules.
  • Sterilise the water using UV light, chlorine or ozone - this kills any microbes presnet.
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7
Q

What is the composition of pure water?

A

Water molecules only.

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8
Q

What is the composition of sea water?

A
  • Water molecules
  • Very high levels of salt
  • Potentially high levels of microbes
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9
Q

What is the compostition of fresh water?

A
  • Water molecules
  • Low levels of salt
  • Potentially high levels of microbes
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10
Q

What is the composition of potable water?

A
  • Water molecules
  • Low levels of salt
  • Safe levels of microbes
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11
Q

If fresh water is limited how do you obtain potable water from sea water?

A

You must desalinate the sea water.

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12
Q

How can desalintaion be carried out?

A

Either distillation or reverse osmosis

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13
Q

What is the problem with distilation to obtain potable water?

A

The process required to remove the salt requires large amount of energy so costs a lot.

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14
Q

What does reverse osmosis use to sperate the salts from the water?

A

Involves the use of membranes to separate the salts from the water.

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15
Q

What does sewage and agricultural waste water require the removal of?

A
  • Organic matter
  • Harmful microbes
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16
Q

What does industrial waste water require the removal of?

A
  • Organic matter
  • Harmful chemicals
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17
Q

What is the treatment of sewage?

A
  • Screening and grit removal - this removes large particles.
  • Sedimentation - this process allows the solid sediments to settle. The sediment sticks to the bottom forming sludge and the remaining liquid is called effluent.
  • The sewage sludge is anaerobically digested by specific bacteria - forming biogas which can be used as fuel.
  • The effluent is treated with anaerobic bacteria which breaks it down. The bacteria are later removed, and the water is now safe to release into the environment.
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18
Q

What are the two methods of extracting metals such as copper, from low grade ores?

A
  • Bioleaching
  • Phytomining
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19
Q

What is bioleaching?

A

Using bacteria to produce acidic leachate solutions containing metal compounds. Once obtained, the metal compounds can be processed to extract metals.

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20
Q

What is phytomining?

A

The use of plants to absorb metal compounds.

  • Plants are grown in soil containing low grade ore.
  • The plants absorb the metal ions through their roots.
  • The plants accumulate the metal ions in their cells.
  • The plants are harvested and then burned.
  • Their ash contains metal compounds we can process and extract the metal from.
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21
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of Bioleaching

A

Advantages
* Doesn’t require high temperatures

Disadvantages
* Produces toxic substances (e.g. sulfuric acid) which harms the environment.

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22
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of phytomining?

A

Advantages
* Conserves high-grade ores.
* Reduces the need for mining.
* Reduces the need to dispose of rock waste.

Disadvantages
* Slow as requires time for the plants to grow.

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23
Q

What is a life cycle assessment (LCA)?

A

An assessment carried out to find out the environmental impact of a product, service or event during 4 different stages.

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24
Q

What are the 4 stages in a (LCA)?

A
  • The extraction and processing of the raw materials.
  • Manufacturing and packaging process.
  • Its use and operation during its lifetime.
  • Disposal at the end of its useful life (including transport and distribution)
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25
At each stage what does the LCA conider?
The use of raw material for example water, the amount of energy used and what waste substances have been released into the environment.
26
What are examples of limited raw materials?
Metals, glass, building materials, clay ceramics and most plastics are made from limited raw materials.
27
What are the negatives of obtaining raw materials by mining and quarrying and what can we do instead?
Uses lots of energy and causes environmental damage. Instead you could reduce, reuse and recycle materials.
28
How do we reduce use of metals?
Recycle it - melt and then recast or reform into different products.
29
What are the advantages of recycling?
* Economically beneficial * It is fast and offers employment * Mining and extracting ores has severe effects on the environment and ecosystems so recycling reduces that effect. * Decreases amount of waste saving space in landfills * There is a limited supply of materials so we need to recycle.
30
What are the disadvantages of recycling?
* Collection and transport require energy and fuel. * Materials need to be sorted increasing time. * Products made from recycled materials may be worse quality than original.
31
What happens when metals react in air and how can we observe this?
A dull layer of metal oxide forming.
32
What is corrosion?
The process when a metal continues to oxidise, becoming weaker over time.
33
What is an example of corrosion and explain it?
Rusting - Type of corrosion that takes place when iron or steel reacts with oxygen and water.
34
What is the word equation for rusting in iron?
35
How can rusting be prevented?
* Remove oxygen - Store metal in an unreactive gas for example nitrogen or argon, or use barrier method such as paint. * Remove water - Store metal in a desiccant for example calcium chloride, or use a barrier method. * Sacrificial protection - Put the metal in contact with a more reactive metal.
36
What physical barrier methods can we use?
* Painting * Coating in oil * Coating with plastic * Electroplating.
37
What happens when aluminium reacts with oxygen and why is it special?
It forms aluminum oxide - this acts as a physical barrier which protects it from corrosion.
38
How does sacrificial protection work?
The more reactive metal will oxidise instead of the iron. 'sacrificing' itself. We can also replace the more reactive metal as it corrodes without affecting the iron.
39
What is galvanizing and how does it protect iron or steel from rusting?
Galvanizing is coating iron or steel with a layer of zinc. The zinc stops water and oxygen reaching the metal and also provides sacrificial protection because zinc is more reactive and corrodes instead of the iron.
40
What is brass made off and what are the properties and what are its uses?
Made of copper and zinc * Resistant to corrosion * Malleable Used in pins in electrical plugs and musical instruments.
41
What is bronze made off and what are the properties and what are its uses?
Made of copper and tin * Resistant to corrosion Used in statues and coins.
42
What is gold for jewelry made off and what are the properties and uses?
Made of gold, silver, copper and zinc. 24 carat gold = 100% 18 carat gold = 75% - alloy using elements above * Stronger than pure gold * Resistant to corrosion * Shiny
43
What are the different types of steel?
* High carbon steel * Low carbon steel * Stainless steel
44
What is the composition of high carbon steel and its properties and its uses?
Iron and 1-2% carbon * Strong * Brittle Used for cutting tools.
45
What is the composition of stainless steel and its properties and its uses?
Iron with chromium and nickel * Hard * Resists corrosion Used as cutlery
46
What is the composition of low carbon steel and its properties and its uses?
Iron and less than 1% carbon * Easy to shape * Soft Car body parts
47
In general what is a property for aluminum alloy?
Low density
48
What are clay ceramics used for and how are they made?
Used to make bricks and pottery. These are made by shaping wet clay and then heating then in a furnace. This causes crystals to form and join together.
49
What are properties of clay ceramics?
They are brittle, hard and resistant to corrosion.
50
What are the two type of glass and what is the difference?
Soda lime glass Borosilicate glass Borosilicate glass has a much higher melting point than soda lime glass.
51
How is soda lime glass made, what are its properties and what are its uses?
52
How is borosilicate glass made and what are its properties and what are its uses?
53
How is low density polyethene made?
54
What are the chains like in low density polyethene
They are branched polymer chains. These branched chains cannot pack together this makes it low density.
55
How is high density polyethene formed?
56
What are chains like in high density polyethene?
Straight polymer chains are made. These straight chains can pack together closely this makes it high density.
57
Compare the properties and uses of low density polyethene and high density polythene.
58
What is the difference between thermosoftening polymers and thermosetting polymers?
They do not have cross-links between the different chains. Thermosoftening polymers melt when they are heated.
59
What is the difference between thermosetting polymers and thermosoftening polymers?
Thermosoftening polymers have strong cross-links between the polymer chains . Thermosetting polymers do not melt when they are heated.
60
What is a composite and give some examples.
Most composites are made of two materials, a material called matrix and fibres or fragments of other materials added (reinforcements) Plywood and concrete.
61
What is the harber process?
An industrial method to make ammonia from nitrogen and hyrdrogen.
62
How is the haber process carried out?
After the liquid ammonia is removed the nitrogen and hydrogen are recycled.
63
What is the balanced symbol equation for the haber process?
64
What conditions are required for the haber process?
Iron catalyst 450ºC 200 atmosphere pressure
65
What factors decide the conditions to use in industry?
* Availability and cost of energy and raw materials * The conditions required to get the right balance between an acceptable yield and rate of reaction
66
To get maximum yield in the haber process what do we do but what is a problem and what is a solution?
You need low temperature High pressure Low temperatures will slow down the rate of reaction so we compromise the yield by having higher temperature 450ºC. High pressure will mean fast rate and higher yield of ammonia, however it could be dangerous so we have to slightly lower pressure of 200 atm. Adding iron catalyst increases rate of reaction
67
What are the substances needed to make fertilisers mined from the earth?
Potassium chloride - Contains k+ ions Potassium sulfate - Contains k+ ions Phosphate rock - This is insoluble so needs processing before it can be used as a fertiliser
68
What are the products when phosphate rock reacts with nitric acid?
69
What are the products when phosphate rock reacts with sulfuric acid?
70
What are the products when phosphate rock reacts with phosphoric acid?
71
What is the symbol equation for ammonia + sulfuric acid?
72
What must we carry out since both ammonia and sulfuric acid are soluble when they react?
We must carry out titration this is a batch process
73
Describe a method to make ammonium sulfate in the lab.
74
How is ammonium sulfate made in industry?
The reactants ammonia and sulfuric acid are made from their raw materials. industry uses a continuous process.

Chemsitry (11 decks)

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