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(Topic 10) Using Resources (CGP Book) Flashcards

1
Q

What are ceramics?

A

Non-metal solids with high melting points

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2
Q

How are ceramics made using clay?

A

Clay is a soft material when dug up out of the ground
So can be moulded into different shapes
When fired at high temperatures, it hardens to form a clay ceramic

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3
Q

How can Glass be used to make ceramics?

A

Glass is generally transparent, can be moulded when hot and can be brittle when thin
Most glass made is soda lime glass

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4
Q

What is soda lime glass?

A

Made by heating a mixture of limestone, sand, and sodium carbonate until it melts
It is then left to cool

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5
Q

What is borosilicate glass?

A

Higher melting point than soda lime glass
Made using a mixture of sand and boron trioxide

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6
Q

What are composites?

A

One material embedded in another
Fibres or fragments of a material are surrounded by a matrix acting as a binder

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7
Q

What are examples of composites?

A

Fibreglass
Carbon fibre
Concrete
Wood

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8
Q

What is fibreglass?

A

Consists of fibres of glass embedded in a matrix made of polymer
Has a low density, but is very strong

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9
Q

What is carbon fibre?

A

Have a polymer matrix
Reinforcement is either made from long chains of carbon atoms bonded together from carbon nano tubes
These composites are very strong and light

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10
Q

What is concrete?

A

Made from aggregate, which is a mixture of sand and gravel, embedded in cement
Very strong

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11
Q

What is wood?

A

A natural composite of cellulose fibres held together by an organic polymer matrix

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12
Q

What is low density polythene made from?

A

Eating at a moderate temperature under a high-pressure
It is flexible

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13
Q

What is high density polythene made from?

A

Ethan, but at a lower temperature and pressure with a catalyst
More rigid

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14
Q

What are thermo softening polymers?

A

Contain individual poly machines and twined together with weak forces between the chains
Can be melted and remoulded

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15
Q

What are thermosetting polymers?

A

Contain monomers that can form cross-links between the polymer chains, holding the chains together in a solid structure
Don’t soften when heated
Strong, hard and rigid

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16
Q

Properties of polymers

A

Insulators
Flexible
Easily moulded

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17
Q

Properties of metals?

A

Malleable
Good conductors
Ductile
Shiny
Stiff

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18
Q

Properties of ceramics?

A

Insulators
Brittle
Stiff

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19
Q

What are commonly used alloys?

A

Bronze - copper + tin
Brass - copper + zinc
Gold alloys
Aluminium alloys

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20
Q

Properties and Uses of bronze?

A

Medals, decorative ornaments, and statues
Harder than copper

21
Q

Properties and uses of brass?

A

More malleable than bronze
Water taps and door fittings

22
Q

Properties and uses of gold alloys?

23
Q

Uses and properties of aluminium alloys?

A

Make aircraft
Low density

24
Q

What is corrosion?

A

Where metals react with substances in their environment and are gradually destroyed

Only happens on the surface of a material

25
What is required for corrosion?
Oxygen and water
26
What is rusting?
When iron comes into contact with oxygen and water leading to corrosion
27
Why is aluminium protected from further corrosion?
When the aluminium oxide forms, it doesn’t flake away leaving a protective layer
28
What are the main ways to prevent the rusting?
Painting/coating with plastic Electroplating oiling/greasing Sacrificial Galvanising
29
What is electroplating?
Using electrolysis to reduce metal ions onto an iron electrode Can be used to quote the iron with a different layer of a different metal that won’t corrode away
30
Where do natural resources come from from
The Earth, the sea, and the air
31
What is a renewable resource?
Resource that reforms at a similar rate to, or faster than we use them
32
What are finite resources?
Resources that are not formed quickly enough to be considered replaceable
33
What is bioleaching?
Bacteria used to convert the metal compounds in the ore into soluble metal compounds This separate out the metal from the ore in the process The solution produced by this process contains the metal ions which can be extracted
34
What is phytomining?
Involves growing plants in soil that contains metal The plants can’t use or get rid of the metal, so it gradually builds up in the leaves The plants can then be harvested, dried, and burned in a furnace The ash contains soluble metal compounds from which metal can be extracted by electrolysis or displacement
35
How are metals recycled?
By melting them and then casting them into the shape of a new product
36
What is the job of a life-cycle assessment?
Looks at every stage of a product life to assess the impact it would have on the environment
37
What are the four stages of the life-cycle assessment?
Getting the raw materials Manufacturing and packaging Using the product Product disposal
38
What is potable water?
Water that is safe to drink
39
When is water deemed potable?
When the levels of dissolved salts aren’t too high That it has a pH between 6.5 and 8.5 No bacteria or other microbes
40
How can water be cleaned to drink?
Filtration – a wire mesh screens out large twigs, then gravel and sand beds filter out any other solid bits Sterilisation – the water is sterilised to kill any harmful bacteria on microbes
41
Steps to the water treatment practical?
Test PH of water using PH meter Test water for presence of sodium chloride Test for sodium ions by doing flame test Pour water into distillation apparatus , and heat the flask Steam will condense back to liquid of water in the condenser and can be collected Distilled water for sodium chloride to check that it has been removed and retest the PH
42
How can sea water be treated?
Salty water is passed through a membrane that only allows water molecules to pass through Ions and larger molecules are trapped by the membrane
43
Steps of the sewage treatment?
Sewage is screened Allowed to stand in a settlement tank and undergo sedimentation The effluent in the settlement tank is removed and treated by biological aerobic digestion Air is pumped through the water to encourage air aerobic bacteria to breakdown any organic matter Sludge from the bottom of the settlement tank is removed and transferred into large tanks to be broken down in a process called anaerobic digestion This releases meeting us which can be used as an energy source and remaining digested waste can be used as a fertiliser
44
What does the haber process produce?
Ammonia
45
How is ammonia made?
Nitrogen and hydrogen
46
Steps to the Heber process?
Nitrogen obtained from air Hydrogen from reacting methane with steam Gases passed over an iron catalyst a high temperature and a high-pressure are used Because the reaction is reversible, Some ammonia produced convert back into hydrogen and nitrogen again. It eventually reaches a dynamic equilibrium. Ammonia is formed as a gas but cools in the condenser and is removed Unused reactants are recycled
47
Job of NPK fertilisers?
Provide plants with the essential elements for growth This increases plant yield
48
What does NPK stand for?
Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium These are essential for plant growth
49
What is produced when phosphate rock is reacted with different types of acids?
Reaction with nitric acid produces phosphoric acid and calcium nitrate Reaction with sulphuric acid produces calcium sulphate and calcium phosphate Reaction with phosphoric acid only produces calcium phosphate

Chemistry (9 decks)

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