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IGCSE Chemistry > Topic 11: Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Topic 11: Organic Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What are organic compounds?

A

Compounds containing carbon

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2
Q

What are all living things made from?

A

All living things are made from organic compounds based on chains of carbon atoms which are not only covalently bonded to each other but also covalently bonded to hydrogen, oxygen and other elements.

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3
Q

How can organic compounds be represented?

A

Displayed formulae
General formulae
Structural formulae

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4
Q

What does the displayed formula show?

A

the molecule by showing all of the atoms and bonds between those atoms.

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5
Q

Write the displayed formula of pentane.

A
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6
Q

What do hydrocarbons contain?

A

Only hydrogen and carbon

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7
Q

How are hydrocarbons classified?

A

into homologous series

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8
Q

Define homologous series.

A

A family of similar compounds with similar chemical properties due to the presence of the same functional group.

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9
Q

What are functional groups?

A

Specific groupings of atoms within molecules that have their own characteristic properties, regardless of other atoms present in a molecule.

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10
Q

Draw and write the functional group of an alkene.

A
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11
Q

Draw and write the functional group of alcohol.

A
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12
Q

Draw and write the functional group of carboxylic acids.

A
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13
Q

Tell me the features of a homologous series.

A
  1. Have the same general structure and formula with each member of the series differing by -CH2
  2. Have similar chemical properties
  3. Chemical properties are not identical because the position of the functional group or branching in the carbon chain can modify this
  4. Ascending members show trends in physical properties, due to their increase in molecular mass
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14
Q

Draw and name the first six members in the homologous series of alkanes.

A
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15
Q

Tell me the general formula of alkanes.

A

CnH2n+2

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16
Q

Tell me the functional group of alkenes.

A
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17
Q

Tell me the general formula of alkenes.

A

CnH2n

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18
Q

Tell me the functional group of alcohol

A

hydroxyl (the OH bond)

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19
Q

Tell me the general formula of alcohols.

A

CnH2n+1OH

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20
Q

Tell me the functional group of carboxylic acid

A

carbonyl (C=O)

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21
Q

Write the displayed, chemical and structural formula of ethene.

A
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22
Q

Write the displayed, chemical and structural formula of ethanol.

A
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23
Q

Write the displayed, chemical and structural formula of methyl acetate.

A
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24
Q

What are isomers?

A

Substances that have the same molecular formula but different structural formulae.

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25
Q

Write the displayed formula of butane and isobutane.

A
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26
Q

Write the structural formula of butane and isobutane.

A
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27
Q

Write the displayed and structural formula of but-1-ene and but-2-ene.

A
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28
Q

What are saturated hydrocarbons?

A

organic compounds that only contain only single covalent bonds between two carbon atoms

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29
Q

What are saturated hydrocarbons known as?

A

alkanes

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30
Q

What are unsaturated hydrocarbons?

A

Organic compounds that contain double and triple covalent bonds between two carbon atoms.

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31
Q

What are unsaturated hydrocarbons known as?

A

alkenes and alkynes

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32
Q

Draw the displayed formula of methane and ethane.

A
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33
Q

Draw the displayed formula of ethene and propene

A
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34
Q

Draw the displayed formula of methanol and ethanol.

A
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35
Q

Draw the displayed formula of ethanoic acid and butanoic acid.

A
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36
Q

Draw the displayed formula of esters.

A
37
Q

What does alcohol and carboxylic acid produce?

A

ester + water

38
Q

Draw the displayed formula of ethyl ethanoate.

A
39
Q

Draw the displayed formula of propyl ethanoate

A
40
Q

Draw the displayed formula of butyl ethanoate

A
41
Q

Give examples of fossil fuels.

A

crude oil, coal and natural gas?

42
Q

Why are fossil fuels called fossil fuels?

A

Because they are the remains of plants and animals that lived millions of years ago

43
Q

How is petroleum refined?

A

By fractional distillation.

44
Q

How is petroleum refined using fractional distillation?

A

The process uses heat, the size of the molecule and its boiling point to separate out the different fractions within the column.

  1. As you heat the petroleum, the compounds start to evaporate.
  2. As the hot vapours rise so does the thermometer reading. The vapours then condense in the cool test tube
  3. When the thermometer reading reaches 100 degress C replace the first test tube with an empty one. The liquid in the first test tube is the first fraction.
  4. Repeat this process for another 3 fractions.
45
Q

Tell me the uses of refinery gas.

A

cooking
heating

46
Q

Tell me the uses of gasoline

A

fuel for cars

47
Q

Tell me the uses of naptha

A

feedstock for many chemicals and plastics

48
Q

Tell me the use of kerosene (paraffin)

A

fuel of aircarft
oil stoves
lamps

49
Q

Tell me the uses of diesel oil (gas oil)

A

fuel for diesel engines

50
Q

Tell me the uses of fuel oil.

A

fuel for power stations, ships
homeheating systems

51
Q

Tell me the uses of lubricating fraction.

A

oil for car engines and machinery
waxes
polishes

52
Q

Tell me the uses of bitumen

A

road surfaces and roofs.

53
Q

List the properties of alkanes.

A
  1. Unreactive compounds (generally)
  2. They burn easily
  3. If not enough oxygen, alkanes undergo incomplete combustion to produce carbon monoxide
  4. React with chlorine in the sunlight
  5. Boiling point increases with chain length
  6. 1-4 are gases more than 4 are liquids.
  7. If carbon chain is really long, it could be solid.
54
Q

What type of reaction is the substitution of alkanes?

A

A photochemical reaction

55
Q

Write the word and chemical equation of the reaction between methane and chlorine.

A
56
Q

Why is the reaction between methane and chlorine called a substitution reaction?

A

Because a chlorine atom takes the place of a hydrogen atom

57
Q

How are alkenes manufactured?

A

by catalytic cracking

58
Q

Tell me the word and chemical equation for the cracking of hexane.

A
59
Q

What other products can be produced during cracking?

A

Hydrogen but the amount produced depends on the conditions used.

60
Q

Why is cracking important?

A

Helps to match the supply of fractions with the demand for them

Produces alkenes which are useful as feedstock for the petrochemical industry.

61
Q

Write the displayed formula equation for the process of halogenation.

A
62
Q

Write the word, chemical and displayed formula equation for the process of hydrogenation.

A
63
Q

What type of catalyst is used in hydrogenation? What conditions does this reaction take place?

A

Temperature: 200 degrees
Catalyst: nickel or platinum

64
Q

Write the word, chemical and displayed formula equation for the process of hydration

A
65
Q

Tell me the conditions for hydration to take place.

A

Phosphoric acid catalyst
300 degrees Celsius
60 atmospheres of pressure

66
Q

How do you test for alkanes and alkenes.

A
67
Q

How is ethanol manufactured using fermentation?

A
68
Q

How is ethanol produced by the hydration of ethene?

A
69
Q

List the advantages and disadvantages of manufacturing ethanol by fermentation.

A
70
Q

List the advantages and disadvantages of manufacturing ethanol by hydration of ethene

A
71
Q

Tell me about the combustion of alcohols.

A

They completely combust to form carbon dioxide and water.
When they combust incompletely, the produce either carbon monoxide or carbon (soot)

72
Q

What is ethanol used for?

A
  1. Fuel
  2. Industrial Solvent
  3. Medical solvent
73
Q

How does magnesium react with ethanoic acid?

A
74
Q

How does ethanoic acid react with bases?

A
75
Q

How does ethanoic acid react with carbonates?

A
76
Q

How is ethanoic acid formed by fermentation?

A
77
Q

How is ethanoic acid formed by using oxidising agents?

A
78
Q

How is an esther formed?

A

alcohol + carboxylic acid —–> ester + water

79
Q

What are polymers?

A

Large organic macromolecules made up of small repeating units known as monomers

80
Q

How is poly(ethene) made?

A

By heating ethene to a relatively high temperature under high pressure in the presence of a catalyst

81
Q

Write the displayed formula of poly(ethene).

A
82
Q

What is addition polymerisation?

A

The process of repeated addition of monomers that possess double or triple bonds to form polymers

83
Q

What is the difference between addition polymerisation and other types of polymerisation?

A

There is no by-product

84
Q

What type of polymers are polyamides?

A

condensation polymers

85
Q

How do you write the displayed formula of a polyamide?

A
86
Q

What are plastics?

A

Synthetic polymers

87
Q

List the properties of synthetic polymers.

A

Chemically unreactive
Solids at room temp
Can be moulded into shape
Electrical insulators
Strong and hard-wearing

88
Q

What are proteins?

A

Polymers built up from molecules of amino acids.

89
Q

Draw the chemical structure of a protein.

A

IGCSE Chemistry (13 decks)

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