Topic 1.3 Biological Molecules 2

Question 1

Mucleotides

Answer 1

Key molecules and current energy in the cell in the form of adrenaline.

Question 2

ATP

Answer 2

Chemical reaction in the cytoplasm, chemical bonds are constantly being broken, the energy is supplied for different reactions and they are found in all living organisms,

Question 3

Adenoside Tripasphate

Answer 3

Is a nucleotide that acts are universal energy supply in cells and are made up of adrenaline. The pentrose sugars ribosomes and phosphate groups

Question 4

Purine base

Answer 4

Nucleotide that has two nitrogen rings

Question 5

Pyrimidie base

Answer 5

A base found in nucleotide has one hydrogen rings

Question 6

Guanine

Answer 6

Is a purine found in DNA and RNA

Question 7

Cytosine

Answer 7

Pyrimidine base found in DNA and RNA

Question 8

Thymine

Answer 8

A pyramide base in the DNA

Question 9

Uracil

Answer 9

Pyrimidine base in the RNA

Question 10

ATpase

Answer 10

Is an enzyme that catalyse the formation and breakdown of ATP

Question 11

Adrenaline disphosphate (ADP)

Answer 11

Nucleotide formed when ATP loses a phosphate group and provides energy to drive reactions in the cell

Question 12

Reduction/ oxidation (redox) reactions

Answer 12

Which one reaction loses an electron and another one gains electrons

Question 13

Nucleic acid for reproduction

Answer 13

If the special don’t reproduce the species will die out. And one of the 7 of the key prosess Ed

Question 14

Nuclaic acid

Answer 14

Carries infomation to make the cells. Held together by phosphate bonds. Hydrogen bonds form between the amino acids

Question 15

Phosphides bonds

Answer 15

Are bonds between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the sugar of the nucleotide in a condensation reaction

Question 16

Genome

Answer 16

The entire genetic material of an organism

Question 17

How does the DNA work?

Answer 17

Replicated it exactly by unzipping the hydrogen bonds fork between

Question 18

Experimental evidence

Answer 18

Ecoi grows that takes the radio active isotope, many generations the entire DNA would be labelled as having heavy nitrogen, half of the DNA has 2 light strands and 2 heavy DNA strands

Question 19

How does it copy itself?

Answer 19

Unzips along the hydrogen bonds, it’s replicated by the Enzyme DNA helicase and acts as a new DNA strands as a result of the new strands of DNA identical with the original piece

Question 20

DNA ligase

Answer 20

Is an enzyme involved in DNA replication that unzips two strands of the DNA molecules

Question 21

The genetic code

Answer 21

Based on genes, three base on the DNA or RNA knows as a cordon, difficult to work out as the molecules are so large 98% are non- coded, 2% are proteins

Question 22

Non- overlapping code?

Answer 22

A single point of mutation would produce the same amino acid and have no effect on the organism

Question 23

Translation

Answer 23

In the process by which protein are produced via the RNA using the genetic code found in the DNA . It takes place in the ribosome

Question 24

Ribosome

Answer 24

Are the site of protein synthesis in the cell

Question 25

Triple code

Answer 25

Is a code of three bases and it is based on genetic information in the DNA

Question 26

Gene sequence

Answer 26

Of bases on the DNA molecule it contains coding for the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain that effects a characteristics in a phenotype of an organism

Question 27

Complementary strands

Answer 27

Strands of RNA forming that compliment the DNA acting as coding strands

Question 28

DNA and protein synthesis

Answer 28

Active synthesis enzymes on the ribosomes

Question 29

RNA

Answer 29

Single helix structure it carried the main function of protein synthesis and carried instruction for polypeptide of the DNA in nucleus to the protein are made and spaced amino acid in the cytoplasm and carries them to the the surface of the ribosomes and it makes the ribosome themselves

Question 30

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Answer 30

Not formed in the nucleus the enzyme is often known we RNA polymerase

Question 31

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Answer 31

Found in the cytoplasm and has a complex shape it’s often described as a leaf shape as a result as the shape it hydrogen bonds between base each bonds carried specific amino acids. They make a long chain of amino acids

Question 32

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Answer 32

50% of the structure most common form of RMA. Found in cells and made in the nucleus. They create to form ribosome holding it together and enzyme controlling protein synthesis

Question 33

Protein synthesis

Answer 33

The mRNA moves out of of the nucleus into the cytoplasm attached to the surface of the ribosome the bonds. tRMA breakes away and returns to the cytoplasm to put up more amino acids

Question 34

Mass production

Answer 34

Ribosome joined by a thread of the mRNa Insted of one ribosome are producing polypeptide the process

Question 35

Gene mutation

Answer 35

Permanent change can happen in the gamete and also in the body cells

Question 36

Different types of mutations

Answer 36

The DNA has its own repair system. Point or gene, substitution, delectations, insertion, chromosomal mutation , whole-chromosome mutation

Question 37

How gene mutation can effect the phenotype

Answer 37

Point mutation woll have no effect and the production of a new superior protein tbis gives the organism a reproductive advantage some mutations can me neutral but others can cause damage districting the whole organism

Question 38

Sickle cell disease

Answer 38

Effects the chain that create hemiglobin in the red blood cells. It makes the hemlglobin cells stick together. Sickle cells can’t carry oxygen and blocks veins. Severe pain and can even cause death

Question 39

Point mutation

Answer 39

Change in one or small nucleotide affecting a single gene.

Question 40

Substitutation

Answer 40

A type of point mutation in which base in a gene is substituted for another

Question 41

Deletion

Answer 41

Type of mutation in which a base is completely lost

Question 42

Insertion

Answer 42

A type of mutation which an extra base is added into gene which is repete or a different base

Question 43

Chromosomal mutation

Answer 43

Are changes in the position of entire genes within a chromosome

Question 44

Whole/ chromosomes mutation

Answer 44

Is the loss or duplication of a whole chromosome

Question 45

Mutation

Answer 45

Is anything in areas the rate of mutations