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Anatomy > Topic 15 -Digestive System > Flashcards

Topic 15 -Digestive System Flashcards

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1
Q

The digestive system includes 2 parts

A

Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract -tube from mouth to anus

Accessory Organs

  • teeth, tongue, salivary glands
  • Pancreas
  • liver, gallbladder
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2
Q

what are the 4 points of the digestive system processes

A

Ingestion
Digestion
Absorption
Defecation

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3
Q

Ingestion

A

food into oral cavity

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4
Q

Digestion

A

large molecules broken down into smaller molecules

2 types mechanical (chewing) and chemical (enzymes + acid secretion)

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5
Q

Absorption

A

end products of digestion enter blood or lymph

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6
Q

Defecation

A

elimination of waste + undigested material

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7
Q

what are the 4 basic layers of the gastrointestinal tract

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa (adventitia)

cavity=lumen

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8
Q

Mucosa of the GI tract (3 layers)

A

epithelium with numerous goblet cells

  • stratified squamous: mouth, pharynx, esophagus, anal canal
  • simple columnar: stomach, small + large intestine

lamina propria=areolar CT
-contains blood, lymph vessels, lymph nodules/tissues (immune)

muscularis mucosa
-smooth muscle -allows movement of the mucosa

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9
Q

submucosa of GI tract

A

areolar CT

contains: blood and lymphatic vessels, submucosal nerve plexus

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10
Q

Muscularis externa of GI tract

A
  • smooth muscle
  • inner circular layer
  • outer longitudinal layer
  • myenterric nerve plexus between layers
  • contractions cause motility (mixing +movements)
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11
Q

Enteric Nervous system

what controls the muscularis externa
what controls the activity of the mucosal glands and muscle

A

Nervous system of GI Tract
myenteric plexus -controls muscularis externa
submucous plexus -controls activity of mucosal glands and muscle

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12
Q

what does the Oral Cavity include

A

lips
cheeks
palate:
hard palate= 2 maxillae and 2 palatine bones
soft plate -posterior to hard -skeletal muscle
-posterior projection= uvula
-rises to close the nasalpharynx when swallowing
tongue:
-attached to hyoid bone
-skeletal muscle
-projections of mucosa=papillae (taste buds)

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13
Q

Salivary Glands (3 pairs)

A

parotid -inferior and anterior to ears
submandibular -floor of mouth
sublingual -below tongue on floor of mouth

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14
Q

mumps

A

inflammation of 1 or both parotids

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15
Q

saliva

A
  1. 5% H2O

0. 5% solutes (enzymes)

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16
Q

Dentition (teeth) -where are they located

A

-in maxillae and mandible

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17
Q

child dentition

A

primary (1°) dentition -decidous (“baby”) teeth

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18
Q

adult dentition

A

secondary (2°) dentition -permanent teeth

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19
Q

number of central Incisors per quadrant

A

child 1

adult 1

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20
Q

number of lateral incisors per quadrant

A

child 1

adult 1

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21
Q

number of canine per quadrant

A

child 1

adult 1

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22
Q

number of premolars per quadrant

A

child 0

adult 2

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23
Q

number of molars per quadrant

A

child 2

adult 3

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24
Q

total teeth and total per quadrant

A

child 20 teeth 4 per quadrant

adult 32 teeth 8 per quadrant

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25
Tooth structure (parts)
``` crown root neck periodontal ligaments root canal extends to pulp cavity ```
26
crown of tooth what does it contain
above gum dentin=majority of tooth enamel overlay= acellular, highly calcified -hard!
27
root of tooth
dentin with cementum overlay
28
what is to note about dentin, enamel and cementum
similar to bone, but avascular
29
neck of tooth
enamel + cementum boundary (gums)
30
periodontal ligaments
attach root to bones
31
root canal extends to pulp cavity
contains CT, blood/lymph vessels and nerves
32
oropharynx and laryngopharynx is made up of
only muscularis externa (skeletal muscle) and mucosa (stratified squamous epithelium)
33
Esophagus where is it located? pass through? exceptions?
posterior to trachea passes through diaphragm to the abdominal cavity all 4 histological layers in GI tract from this point on exceptions: muscularis externa -upper 1/3 -skeletal muscle -middle 1/3 -skeletal and smooth muscle (transition zone) -lower 1/3 -smooth muscle has adventitia in mediastinum (outermost layer) =fibrous CT (no epithelium)
34
Stomach | what are the 4 regions?
cardiac region (cardia) -attached to esophagus fundus -above esophageal entrance body pyloric region (pylorus) -has pyloric sphincter greater and lesser curvatures converts food into chime (food +gastric juice)
35
stomach mucosa, invaginations of epithelium form...
invaginations of epithelium form gastric glands (exocrine) -secrete gastric juice to lumen
36
gastric glands of mucosa contain in stomach
chief cells parietal cells goblet cells G cells (enteroendocrine cells)
37
chief cells from gastric gland
secrete pepsinogen + gastric lipase enzymes
38
parietal cells from gastric gland
secrete HCl + intrinsic factor (for vit B12 absorbance in ileum)
39
Goblet cells from gastric gland
-mucus (surface epithelium also contains many goblet cells along with the gastric glands)
40
G cells (enteroendocrine cells) of gastric gland
secrete gastrin (hormone to blood)
41
rugae of stomach
folds of mucosa + submucosa due to contraction of muscularis mucosa allows for expansion without tearing mucosa
42
muscularis externa of stomach 3 layers
function= churning inner oblique middle circular outer longitudinal
43
Small intestine 3 segments
end of pyloric sphincter to ileocaecal valve duodenum jejunum ileum
44
duodenum of small intestine
``` first fold (short) -retroperitoneal extra glands here secrete alkaline mucus to protect against stomach acid ```
45
jejunum of small intestine
middle section
46
ileum of small intestine
attached to caecum (part of large intestine) has groups of lymph nodules =Peyer's patches prevent infection of small intestine and bacteria from entering blood
47
segments specialized to increase absorption SA of small intestine
plicae circulares -submucosa thrown into folds villi -projections of mucosa into lumen -contains blood capillaries and lacteals (lymph capillaries that absorb e.g. fats) microvilli -brush border on enterocytes (simple columnar) -extend into lumen
48
within epithelium of small intestine separate enteroendocrine cells secrete the hormones
secretin | cholecystokinin
49
small intestine accessory organs
pancreas liver gallbladder
50
pancreas
retroperitoneal parts: head, body and tail contains exocrine portion and endocrine portion
51
exocrine portion of pancreas
acinar cells/ acini (most of pancreas) -secrete digestive enzymes (into ducts) duct cells -secrete alkaline fluids to neutralize stomach acid
52
pancreatic juice
digestive enzymes + alkaline fluid
53
endocrine portion of pancreas
islets of Langerhans (amid acini) | secrete hormones; insulin and glucagon to regulate blood
54
Liver
4 lobes right, left, caudate, quadrate cells: hepatocytes filters material from GI tract (nutrients, toxins) before going to rest of body produces bile -for fat digestion
55
Gallbladder
muscular sac on surface of liver rugae, no submucosa stores, concentrates bile between meals
56
enzymes, alkaline fluid and bile enter duodenum via series of ducts
pancreas: accessory Pancreatic Duct to duodenum(in many people) and Pancreatic Duct to Hepato-Pancreatic Ampcilla to duodenum liver to hepatic duct and gallbladder to cystic duct both connect to common bile duct which connects to hepato-pancreatic ampcilla to duodenum
57
Large Intestine
ileocaecal valve to anus no villi or folds consists of caecum, appendix, colon, rectum and anus
58
parts of colon
``` ascending (right side) hepatic flexure transverse splenic flexure descending (left side) sigmoid ```
59
Colon: muscularis externa longitudinal layer incomplete
=taeniae coli | contraction forms pouches =haustra
60
colon: epiploic appendages
``` =fat-filled pouches function unknown ```
61
rectum of large intestine
no taeniae coli | anal canal = last 3cm
62
anus
2 anal sphincters: internal (smooth muscle) + external (skeletal muscle -voluntary control)
63
Immune function for digestive system
lymph nodules in mucosa throughout small + large intestine Peyers patches in ileum -prevent infection of small intestine and prevent bacteria from entering blood
64
Digestive function of lymph system flow of vessels
most absorbed fats from small intestine enter lacteals (some into blood) lacteals -> lymph collecting vessels -> cisterna chyli -> thoracic duct -> left subclavian vein
65
Lower GI tract blood circulation (vessel route)
Aorta -> superior or inferior mesenteric artery superior mesenteric artery -> capillaries in small and large instestines -> superior mesenteric veins -> hepatic portal system inferior mesenteric veins -> capilaries in small intestine -> inferior mesenteric vein -> splenic vein -> hepatic portal system hepatic portal system -> capillaries in liver -> hepatic vein -> inferior vena cava
66
what makes up the hepatic portal system
capillaries in small and large intestine to capillaries in liver blood does not flow to heart in between
67
peritoneum --serous membrane
- visceral peritoneum (against organ wall) - -parietal peritoneum (against abdominal cavity wall) - parietal cavity = filled with serous fluid
68
serosa between organs =
sheet of 2 fused visceral peritoneum layers contains blood/lymph vessels and nerves forms folds in some areas =omenta
69
greater omentum
"fatty apron" covers transverse colon and small intestine contains fat -protection, insulation, energy reserve
70
lesser omentum
suspends stomach from liver
71
mesentery
suspends small intestine from cavity wall | double layer of parietal peritoneum
72
retroperitoneal
an organ behind the peritoneum peritoneum lines only one side anterior= parietal peritoneum posterior = CT (adventitia)
73
peritonitis
inflammation of the peritoneum | due to: burst appendix or wounds

Anatomy (26 decks)

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