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Anatomy > Topic 10 -Skeletal system > Flashcards

Topic 10 -Skeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

anatomical position

A

feet, face and palms facing forward

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2
Q

axial skeleton 4parts

number of bones

A 
skull
hyoid bone
vertebral column 
thoracic cage -sternum plus ribs
80 bones
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3
Q

appendicular skeleton 4 parts
limbs and bones that attach them to the axial skeleton (girdles)

126 bones

A

pectoral girdle
pelvic girdle
upper limb (arm, forearm and hands)
lower limb (thigh, leg and foot)

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4
Q

connections between bones equals

A

articulations (joints)

ex humerus articulates with the scapula

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5
Q

Skull 3 main bone groupings

A

cranium 8 bones (next to brain)
facial bones 14 bones
auditory ossicles 6 bones (3 bones on each side in middle of ears)

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6
Q

cranium 8 bones

A 
1 frontal (forehead)
2 parietal 
2 temporal 
1 sphenoid 
1 ethmoid -forms superior and middle conchae
1 occipital
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7
Q

facial bones 14

A 
2 nasal 
2maxillae
2 zygomatic
2 lacrimal 
2 palatine 
2 inferior nasal conchae 
1 vomer
1mandible
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8
Q

hard palate

A

2 palatine and 2 maxillae

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9
Q

auditory ossicles

A

malleus
incus
stapes

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10
Q

hyoid bone

A 
no articulations (joints/connections to other bones)
attaches muscles of tongue and neck to assist in swallowing
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11
Q

vertebral column

A 
26 vertebrae, 5 regions
7 cervical 
12 thoracic 
5 lumbar 
1 sacrum 
1 coccyx
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12
Q

typical vertebral structure (8)

A

1) body- thick anterior portion
2) spinous process median posterior projection
3) transverse process -lateral bony projections for muscle attachment
4) laminae -connects the processes
5) pedicles -connects the body to the transverse process
6) vertebral foramen -opening for spinal cord
7) superior and inferior articular process (with facets=articular surfaces), articulate with vertebrae above and below
8) intervertebral foramina -exit for spinal nerves

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13
Q

c1, c2

A

atypical

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14
Q

c3-c7

A

typical

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15
Q

c1

A

atlas
no body, no spinous process
articulates with occipital condyles of skull
allows nodding “yes” motion

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16
Q

c2

A

axis
dens (odontoid process)
pivot joint around which the atlas swivels
allows shaking “no” motion

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17
Q

what do c1 -c7 all have

A

transverse foramina, opening for blood supply

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18
Q

Thoracic T1-T12 all articulate with

A

ribs via costal facets

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19
Q

lumbar L1-L5 support……

all large …….

A

support head

all large bodies and rectangular spinous processes

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20
Q

sacrum

A

5 fused vertebrae

articulates with ilium (appendicular skeleton) and 5th lumbar vertebrae

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21
Q

coccyx

A

3-5 fused vertebrae usually 4

tailbone

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22
Q

curvature of the spinal column

cervical + lumbar

A

curved convex anteriorly = concave posteriorly

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23
Q

curvature of spinal column

thoracic + sacral

A

curved concave anteriorly = convex posteriorly

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24
Q

3 types of abnormal curvature

A

scoliosis
kyphosis
lordosis

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25
scoliosis
spinal column curves laterally
26
kyphosis
exaggerated thoracic curve (hunchback)
27
lordosis
exaggerated lumbar curve (swayback)
28
thoracic cage is made up of
sternum and ribs
29
sternum 3 parts
manubrium- superior body -middle xiphoid process -inferior
30
ribs 12 pairs
articulate posteriorly with T1 to T12 7 pairs of true ribs, direct attachment to sternum via costal cartilage (hyaline cartilage) 5 pairs of false ribs, attach indirectly to sternum via costal cartilage 8-10 or not at all= floating ribs 11,12 embedded in muscle
31
Pectoral girdle (upper limb girdle) is made up of
clavicle scapula
32
clavicle (collarbone)
articulates with sternum (manibrium) and scapula (acromion process) connects axial and appendicular skeletons
33
scapula (4 parts)
spine (on posterior) acromion process -articulates with clavicle glenoid fossa/cavity -articulates with head of humerus coracoid process -attaches muscle for arm and chest
34
pelvic girdle (lower limb girdle) is made up of
composed of 2 os coxae (hip bones) each with 3 bones ilium -articulates with sacrum ischium -most inferior part = the ischial tuberosity pubis -left and right joined by pubic symphysis
35
joints of pelvic girdle
pubic symphysis sacroiliac -sacrum and ilium acetabulum -articulates with head of femur -all 3 bones of os coxa join here
36
upper limb in anatomical position
``` humerus radius (lateral) ulna (medial) carpals (8) wrist metacarpals (5) palms phalanges (14) fingers ``` all long bones except carpals
37
lower limb in anatomical position
``` femur patella (knee cap) Fibula (lateral) tibia (medial) tarsals (7) -talus -articulates with tibia -calcaneus = heel bone metatarsals (5) =sole phalanges (14) = digits (toe) ``` all long bones except patella and tarsals
38
components of long bone (8)
``` Diaphysis Epiphysis Epiphyseal plate Epiphyseal line Medullary cavity Periosteum Endosteum Articular cavity ```
39
diaphysis (long bone)
shaft (body)
40
Epiphysis (long bone)
proximal and distal extremities
41
Epiphyseal plate (long bone)
hyaline cartilage | used for bone growth (length)
42
Epiphyseal line (long bone)
replaces plate with bone when growth is completed | plate/line -where diaphysis and epiphysis meet
43
Medullary cavity (long bone)
red marrow in child, yellow marrow in adults
44
periosteum (long bone)
``` external surface 2 layers of CT -outer = dense irregular -inner = mainly osteoblasts and osteoclasts allows bone to grow in diameter ```
45
Endosteum (long bone)
lines medullary cavity and canals (contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts)
46
articular cartilage (long bone)
hyaline (only at articulation process) | prevents friction between bones (no periosteum here)
47
Bone in general consists of
cells | matrix
48
cells of bone
osteoblasts, mature into osteocytes osteocytes, mature bone cells osteoclasts, reabsorb old cells
49
matrix of bone
ground of substance -hydroxyapatite =insoluble calcium phosphate salts (strength) ``` collagen fires (flexibility) water ```
50
2 types of bone
compact bones | spongy bones
51
compact bone Where is it located? Composed of ...
covers external surface of all bone | composed of osteon
52
each osteon contains (5)
lamellae -bone matrix, arranged in concentric circles lacunae (with osteocytes) space within matrix where osteocytes live between lamellae canaliculi small canals that connect osteocytes with blood supply and to other osteocytes central canal contains blood vessels and nerves is lined with endosteum perforating canals perpendicular to central canal carry blood supply from periosteum to central canals and medullary cavity
53
spongy bone
no osteons have trabeculae (made of irregularly arranged lamellae) canaliculi connect osteocytes in lacunae
54
spongy bone is found in
``` flat and irregular bones (skull, ribs, vertebrae) long bones -epiphyses -lining medullary cavity -spaces contain bone marrow red marrow produces blood cells ```
55
cartilage (CT)
``` hyaline cartilage chondrocytes in lacunae matrix: shiny ground substance contains chondroitin sulphate + hyaluronic acid collagen fibres and water non vascular ```
56
Articulation and joints what are the classes?
point of contact between two or more bones | 2 classes, structural and functional
57
structural classification
based on presence or absence of joint cavity | type of connecting tissue
58
types of structural joints
fibrous cartilaginous synovial joints
59
Fibrous joints
no joint cavity fibrous CT connects bones ex sutures in skull (fontanels in new born)
60
Cartilaginous joints
no joint cavity cartilage attaches bones ex pubic symphysis and costal cartilage of ribs
61
synovial joints
ex shoulder, elbow, hip, knee ``` structure: articular cartilage (hyaline) joint cavity -contains synovial fluid -articular joint capsule outerlayer = fibrous capsule attaches to periosteum, may have ligaments within (capsule= thickened) or separate inner layer = synovial membrane (CT only) secretes synovial fluid ```
62
types of synovial joints according to shape of articulating bone (4)
plane/gliding hinge pivot ball and socket
63
plane/gliding joints
flat surfaces | ex sacroiliac
64
hinge joints
concave/convex surfaces | ex elbow and knee
65
pivot joints
projection in a ring | ex dens on axis in atlas
66
ball and socket joints
great freedom of movement ex humerus in glenoid fossa ex femer in acetabulum (hip)
67
functional classification based on degree of movement 3 types
synarthrotic amphiarthrotic diarthrotic
68
synarthrotic joints
immovable | ex skull sutures
69
amphiarthrotic joints
slightly movable ex pubic symphysis
70
diarthrotic joints
freely movable synovial joints | ex hip and shoulder

Anatomy (26 decks)

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