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Botany - Topic list A > Topic 17 - Mycetism: mushroom poisonings in humans > Flashcards

Topic 17 - Mycetism: mushroom poisonings in humans Flashcards

1
Q

Mycetism

A

Health hazard caused by ingestion of toxic substances present in macro fungal sporocarps

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2
Q

Mycetisms of animals

A

Little is known

Livestock usually not treated, if poisoned →slaughter

Pets meet rarely with macrofungal sporocarps

Susceptibility of wild animals to fungal poisoning poorly studied

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3
Q

Mycetism in humans

Macrofungal poisonings with a long latency period

A

Phalloides syndrome
Orellanus syndrome
Gyromitra toxicity

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4
Q

Mycetism in humans

Macrofungal poisonings with a short latency period (hallucinogenic fungi)

A

Muscarinic syndrome
Pantherina syndrome
Psilocybin syndrome

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5
Q

Other macrofungal poisonings

A

Disulfiram syndrome
Paxillus syndrome
Gastrointestinal syndrome
Consumption of raw mushrooms

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6
Q

Phalloides syndrome: symptoms and poisonous compounds

A

Latency period: 6-24 hours

Starts with stomach complaints → vomiting and diarrhoea (fever) → high risk of dehydration (gastrointestinal phase)

Acute symptoms end within 1-2 days, but continue with liver damages, liver enlargement, jaundice, haemorrhages in the stomach and intestines, and disturbance of consciousness

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7
Q

Toxic compounds of phalloides syndrome

A

Amatoxins, phallatoxins, virotoxins

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8
Q

Death cap poisoning: mechanism of action

A

Toxins can inactivate the RNA polymerase II enzyme and terminate the protein synthesis at the level of transcription → hepatocytes die

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9
Q

Phallotoxins and virotoxins

A

Less toxic (worse absorption rate in the tissues)

Phallotoxins inhibit cell division and destroy cell membranes

Virotoxins supposed to have effects similar to that of phallotoxins

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10
Q

Lethal dose of death cap poisoning

A

LD50 for humans: 0.1 mg/bwkg

A single sporocarop of 20-25 g of A. phalloides contains 5-8 mg of amatoxins

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11
Q

Treatment of death cap poisoning

A

Removal of toxins from the intestinal tract and the blood must be immediately started after the appearance of the first symtoms → inhibition of liver toxicity → Recovery of electrolyte metabolism of body

Detoxification of blood
Chemotherapy
Transplantation of liver

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12
Q

Detoxification of blood

A

By hemodialysis and plasmaphoresis

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13
Q

Chemotherapy

A

Various liver defences: application of lipoic acid, cytochrome C, silymarin, high dose antibiotics, and vitamin C

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14
Q

Taxa causing Orellanus syndrome

A 
Cortinarius orellanus (fool’s webcap)
C. orellanoides
C. rubellus (deadly webcap)
C. splendens (cortinarin)
C. gentilis
C. fluorescens
...
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15
Q

Orellanus syndrome symptoms

A

Long latency (2-17 days), symptoms not always associated with the idea of mushroom poisoning

Repeated mushroom ingestion → toxins accumulated in the tissues

Initial symptoms: anorexia, fatigue, headache, thirst, chills, high fever, GI symptoms

Later symptoms: pain in joints, lumbar region, muscles, kidney damage, and less frequent: liver damage and manifestation of nervous system

Final outcome: kidney faliure, death

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16
Q

Cause of orellanus syndrome

A

Orellanin

  • colorless
  • Fluoresces in blue
  • has bipyridyl structure
  • has been detected from the renal tubules, highly probable to affect them
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17
Q

Treatment of orellanus syndrome

A

Symptomatic treatment of kidneys
Dialysis
Transplatnation of kidneys

18
Q

Prevention of orellanus syndrome

A

little is knownabout the toxins of Cortinarius species hence, the consumption of all the related taxa should be avoided

19
Q

Taxa causing Gyromitra toxicity

A 
Gyromitra esculenta(false morel)
G. fastigiata(brown false morel)
G. gigas(snow morel)
G. infula (hooded false morel)
Cudonia circinans
Helvellaspp. (elfin saddles)
Discinaspp.
20
Q

Gyromitra toxicity symptoms

A

Two-phase course
Long latency period
Starts with GI symptoms (nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhoea, headache)
May lead to liver damages and nervous system symptoms (nervousness, excitement, delirium)

2-3 days → circulation system of the patient may collapse; death is often due to respiratory failure

21
Q

Gyromitrin: mechanism of action

A

Thermo-instable compound

Serious poisoning may happen only when large amounts of raw mushrooms are ingested

Liver → transformed into monomethyl hydrazine

Inhibit enzymes; are teratogenic, mutagenic and carcinogenic effects have also been shown

22
Q

Treatment of gyromitra toxicity

A

Similar to death cap poisoning

vitamin B used to support liver

23
Q

Muscarinic syndrome - muscarine mechanism of action

A

Muscarine → structural analog of acetylcholine: able to bind to all types of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors and activate them

Parasympathetic nervous system uses chiefly acetylcholine as its neurotransmitter → muscarine causes parasympathetic predominance

24
Q

Symptoms of muscarinic syndrome

A

Short latency period

Characteristic parasympathetic neurological symptoms (perspiration, salivation, lacrimation) can be observed with a low heart rate and blood pressure, and narrowpupils

Other symptoms: shortness of breath, visual disturbances

25
Q

Treatment of muscarinic syndrome

A

The antidote of muscarine is atropine (it causes sympathetic predominance) (injection)

26
Q

Pantherina syndrome symptoms

A

Short latency period

Symptoms similar to alcohol intoxication

Personality disorders, time and space perception disorders, increased emotional state, fiery speech, strong motor restlessness

Stuporous, fall deep asleep → wake up without any adverse effects

27
Q

Pantherina toxins

A

Symptoms mainly caused by isotonic acid, present in large amounts in A. pantherina, can be transformed into muscimol or muscason

28
Q

Muscimol

A

Structural analog of neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which is a general inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS

Have insecticidal effects

Symptomatic treatments applied

29
Q

Psilocybin syndrome symptoms

A

Latency period: from 30 minutes to 2 hours

Physical symptoms: headache, dizziness, disturbance of consciousness, numbness, slow pulse, low blood pressure

Psychic symptoms: happiness, fear, feeling of liberation, time and space perception disorders, depression, tantrum, delirium

Effects may take 6 to 10 hours

30
Q

Psilocybin syndrome: toxins

A

Neurotoxins, antagonists of serotonin: psilocybin, psilocin, beocystin,bufotenin

Psilocybinforms acolor-less crystal, structurallysimilar to lysergic acid

Blue compounds are pro-duced when psilocybin is oxidized → fungi with bluesporocarps are often hallucinogenic

Active ingredients of psychotherapeutic drugs

31
Q

Disulfiram syndrome symptoms

A

The related fungal species are not poisonous

Symptoms occur only after drinking alcohol: feeling hot, face flushed, sweating, trembling, elevated heart rate, blood pressure drop, characteristic metallic taste in the mouth, fainting, symptoms disappear after a few hours

32
Q

Disulfiram syndrome toxins

A

The active constituent iscoprine, aninhibitorof acetaldehyde dehydrogenase enzyme

In the body,coprineis transformed into aminocyclopropanol; it inhibits the conversion of alcohol to acetaldehyde then to acetate ion; symptoms occur due to the temporary increase of acetaldehyde

33
Q

Disulfiram syndrome treatment

A

does not require special therapy

After eating these fungi → no alcohol for 3 days

34
Q

Pauxillus syndrome symptoms

A

1-2 hours after the ingestion of raw sporocarps, gastro-intestinal symptoms (vomiting, diarrhea) occur for everybody; no symptoms when cooked

35
Q

Consumed repeatedly

A

the cooked sporocarps can also cause serious sepsis in the susceptible persons;

Symptoms: bloody urine, urinary retention, pain in the kidneys, death (in severe cases)

36
Q

Pauxillus syndrome - course

A

The number of antibodies produced against the fungal proteins increases antigen-antibody → complexes are developed that cause agglutination of red blood cells → hemolysis (immunohemolytic anemia)

Blood hemoglobin content decreases dramatically; sometimes the sensitivity is developedafteryears of repeated ingestionsof P. involutus

37
Q

Pauxillus syndrome - treatment

A

Symptomatic treatments: gastric lavage, laxation, support of blood circulation

Transfusion of blood

In case of renal failure: dialysisis applied

38
Q

Gastrointestinal syndrome - symptoms

A

Mild symptoms occur in 15 minutes to 2 hours

Vomiting, diarrhea, nausea, abdominal cramps, but muscle crampsand circulation disorders can also occure

39
Q

Gastrointestinal syndrome toxins

A

chemically different compounds with an unpleasant odour, or a pungent taste (e.g.: terpenes, sesquiterpenes, anthraquinones) irritating the stomach and the intestines

40
Q

Gastrointestinal syndrome treatment

A

recovery of electrolyte metabolism

Botany - Topic list A (17 decks)

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