Topic 3 - The morphology of reproductive organs

Question 1

Flower

Answer 1

Flos, Anthos
A reproductive shoot with determinate growth, short internodes and modified (bract) leaves
Typical attributes of families and genera

Question 2

Basic floral terms

Answer 2

Groups according to non-reproductive leaves
Heteroclamydeus flower
Homochlamydeus flower

Groups according to reproductive leaves
Bisexual
Monosexual

Question 3

Heteroclamydeus flower

Answer 3

Perianth is divided into sepals (calix) and petals (corolla)

Majority of dicots

Question 4

Homochlamydeus flower

Answer 4

Perianth is not divided into sepals (calix) and petals (corolla)

Perigonium consists of tepals (non-divided sepals and petals)

Some dicots, and all the monocots

Question 5

Bisexual flowers

Answer 5

Staminate and pistillate structures both present

Question 6

Monosexual

Answer 6

Separated on different flowers
On the same individuals: monoecious
On different individuals: dioecious

Question 7

Main parts of the flower

Answer 7

Pistill (pistillum) 
Stigma (stigma)
Style (stylus)
Ovary (ovarium)
Stamen (stamen) 
Anther (anthera)
Filament (filamentum)
Petal (petalum) 
Sepal (sepalum) 
Receptacle (receptaculum) 
Stalk (pedunculus)

Question 8

Androeceum

Answer 8

Male reproductive organ consisting of stamens and anthers

Question 9

Gynoecium

Answer 9

Female reproductive organ called the carpel consisting of stigma, style and ovary

May contain:

1. single carpel
2. Several carpels → free = gymnosperms
3. Fused carpels → Forming hollow pistil = angiosperms

Question 10

Non-reproductive leaves

Answer 10

Perianth
Calix —> petals
Corolla —> sepals
Perigonium —> tepals

Question 11

Complete flowers

Answer 11

Have all parts: calix, corolla and perigonium

Question 12

Incomplete flowers

Answer 12

Does not have all parts

Question 13

Calix

Answer 13

Consists of sepals
Generally green → photosynthesis, but it can be colorful
Free or fused forms
Drop off before (field poppy) or after (general) fertilization
Remains on fruits (rose hip)
Modify into a pappus (Asteraceae) which helps propagation

Question 14

Corolla

Answer 14

Consists of petals
Colorful – antoyanins, antoxanthin, carotenoids helps pollination
Free or fused forms

Question 15

Perigonium

Answer 15

Consists of tepals
Green, sepal-like or colorful, petal-like
Free and fused forms

Question 16

Flower symmetry

Answer 16

Zigomorphic - one axis: ↑
Bilateral - two perpendicular axis of symmetry: ✛
Actinomorphic - radial, three or more axis of symmetry: ❋
Asymmetric - lacking any symmetry

Question 17

Floral formula

Answer 17

Helps to describe species and genera

↑ ⚤ K(5)[C(5)A2+2] G(2)
↓ ↓
Number of Ovary position
floral elements

( ) = fusion of similar floral elements
[ ] = fusion of different floral elements

Question 18

Inflorescence

Answer 18

= group of flowers, or a flowering stem

Solitary flowers
Clusters (short internodes, flowers, from many buds)
Real inflorescence (from one bud, branched structure)

Question 19

Major types of inflorescence

Answer 19

Racemose - intermediate
Major axis grows continously
No terminal flower

Cymose - determinate
Terminal flower determinate growing
Lateral branches overgrow the main axis

Question 20

Compound inflorescence

Answer 20

Connection of simple inflorescence

Question 21

Fruit (fructus)

Answer 21

Ovules → seed, ovary wall → fruit wall, ovary → fruit

No seed or not viable seed (seedless watermelon, banana)

Question 22

Parthenocarpy

Answer 22

Induced production of fruit without fertilisation of ovules

Question 23

Types of fruit

Answer 23

True fruit: derived only from the ovary

Accessory fruit: derived not only from the ovary

Multiply fruit: formed from a cluster of flowers

Question 24

Fleshy fruits

Answer 24

Mature fruits has fleshy (parenchymatic) fruit wall
Certain types use as forage (pepo)
Feed of game species

Question 25

Dried fruits

Answer 25

Mature fruits has dry (schlerechymatic) fruit wall Certain types used as forage (caryopsis, nut) Consumption of the fruit wall can lead to digestion problems (achene) Dehiscent (capsule), indehiscent (nut) and split up (schizocarp) types

Question 26

Seeds (semen)

Answer 26

Ovule

Question 27

Integumentum

Answer 27

Seed coat

Question 28

Zygote

Answer 28

Embryo Endo- and/or perisperm Lack of this → store nutrients

Question 29

Parts of dicot embryo

Answer 29

Plumule → shoot Radicule → roots Hypocotyl - Embryonic shoot below cotyledons Epicotyl - embryonic shoot above cotyledons Cotyledon - embryonic leaves

Question 30

Importance of embryo

Answer 30

Nutrient storage specific for species, genera families Forage importance Germ → forage (food) supply

Question 31

Stamens

Answer 31

Spiral or cyclic arrangement Stalk / stamen = filaments ``` Different filament length Tetradynamous (Brassicaceae) Didynamous (Lamiaceae) Fused filament (Fabaceae) Fused anthers (Solanaceae) ```

Question 32

Anthers

Answer 32

Top of stamen that produces pollen grains

Question 33

Pollen grains

Answer 33

Produce sperm cells necessary for sexual reproduction The pollen Specific surface pattern Pores, grooves, thickenings Cell wall proteins —> allergic reactions

Question 34

Stigma

Answer 34

The top of the carpel → receptive area for pollen

Question 35

Style

Answer 35

Tube structure connecting the stigma to the ovary

Question 36

Ovary

Answer 36

At the bottom of the carpel Ovules attached to the placenta in the middle of the ovary, containing an egg cell