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Anatomy > Topic 19: Nervous System > Flashcards

Topic 19: Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the Nervous system?

A

Central nervous system

peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

 “command centre”
 brain + spinal cord
 processes + integrates info

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3
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

a) cranial nerves
 to/from brain

b) spinal nerves
 to/from spinal cord

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4
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the PNS?

A

a) sensory/afferent division
 has sensory receptors that detect stimuli (change in internal or external environments)

b) motor/efferent division
 nerves convey impulses away from CNS
 innervates (supplies nerves to) effectors = muscles + glands
(endocrine or exocrine)

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5
Q

Describe the relationship between the CNS and PNS

A

receptors; detect stimuli

PNS (sensory neurons); afferent

CNS: integrate

PNS (efferent); motor neurons

Effector; executes response, muscle and glands

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6
Q

Neurons

A

 conduct impulses
 make up CNS + PNS
 mostly amitotic (irreplaceable)
o exceptions = taste, olfaction, memory

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7
Q

Describe the structure of a neuron

A

a. cell body
b. dendrites
c. axon
d. axon hillock
e. axon terminal

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8
Q

cell body

A

 typical organelles
 RER called - Nissl Bodies
 groups/clusters in CNS = nuclei (gray matter)
 groups/clusters in PNS = ganglia

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9
Q

dendrites

A

 receive incoming messages + relay to cell body

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10
Q

axon

A

 carry impulses away from cell body

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11
Q

axon hillock

A

where axon meets cell body

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12
Q

axon terminal

A

typically branched with synaptic end

bulbs (enlarged tips)

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13
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

gaps in myelin sheath

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14
Q

axon may be…

A

myelinated - – wrapped in many layers of cell membrane from Schwann cells (PNS) or oligodendrocytes (CNS)
 electrical insulation

 unmyelinated – no myelin

 myelinated axon bundles in:
o CNS = tracts (white matter) o PNS = nerves

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15
Q

Neuroglia (glial cells)

A

support neuron cells = can undergo mitosis (prone to cancer – brain tumor)

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16
Q

List the cell types of the nervous system

A

neurons

neuroglia glial cells)

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17
Q

List the CNS neuroglia

A

i. oligodendrocytes
ii. microglia
iii. astrocytes
iv. ependymal – neural epithelia

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18
Q

i. oligodendrocytes

A

produce myelin around axon

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19
Q

microglia

A

protective – become phagocytic if detect infected, dead, or damaged neurons (because immune cells can’t enter CNS)

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20
Q

astrocytes

A

 surround blood capillaries to form part of blood brain
barrier (BBB)
 help control capillary permeability

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21
Q

ependymal – neural epithelia

A

 line brain ventricles + central canal of the spinal cord

 secrete cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) + circulate it (cilia)

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22
Q

PNS neuroglia

A

i. Schwann cells
 form myelin around axons in PNS

ii. Satellite cells
 surround neuron cell bodies in ganglia – protection + support

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23
Q

How can neurons be classified?

A

1) Structural/Anatomical types:
 based on # of cell processes off of cell body

2) Functional types:
 based on direction of impulse conduction

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24
Q

Unipolar

A

 1 process that divides into two: central + peripheral

 peripheral end has dendrites = sensory receptors (pain, touch
etc) - remainder is axon

 always sensory

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25
Bipolar
 2 processes: 1 axon, 1 process with dendrites |  sensory – retina, nose (olfaction)
26
Multipolar
 3 or more processes: 1 axon, many dendrites  all interneurons + motor neurons
27
Describe the functional types of neurons
a) Sensory/Afferent Neurons  mostly unipolar  from sensory receptors to CNS b) Interneurons  within CNS (between sensory + motor)  99% of neurons (mostly multipolar) c) Motor/Efferent Neurons  CNS to effectors (all multipolar)
28
Neuron Junctions (Synapses):
1) Neuronal junction:  neuron to neuron  can be chemical (use neurotransmitters) or electrical (ions) 2) Neuromuscular junction:  motor neuron to skeletal muscle 3) Neuroglandular junction:  motor neuron to gland
29
Chemical Neuronal Synapses:
most common
30
Describe the structure of a Chemical Neuronal Synapses:
1) Presynaptic Neuron:  neuron bringing impulse ``` 2) Axon Terminal:  within synaptic end bulbs o inside the end bulb (presynaptic membrane) = synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitter (nt) 3) Synaptic Cleft:  space between neurons ``` ``` 4) Postsynaptic Neuron:  receives the impulse  has postsynaptic membrane o = cell membrane of dendrites or cell body with receptor sites for nt ```
31
Bone
 skull + vertebral column
32
Meninges
 connective tissue around brain + spinal cord
33
What are the layers of the meninges?
a) dura mater (outer) b) arachnoidmater(middle) c) pia mater (inner)
34
dura mater
(outer)  brain = 2 fused layers o separated in some places to form spaces = venous (dural) sinuses – contain blood  spinal cord = 1 layer
35
subdural space
deep to dura mater | filled with ISF
36
epidural space
(spinal cord only) o filled with fat, blood vessels, CT, etc. superficial to dura mater
37
arachnoid mater
(middle)  avascular  subarachnoid space o contains cerebrospinal fluid o web-like strands of CT secure it to pia mater below  has arachnoid granulations (brain only) o project into dural sinuses o CSF enters granulations to return to blood
38
pia mater
(inner)  on surface of CNS (brain + spinal cord)  vascular
39
meningitis
inflammation of meninges
40
List the protective features of the CNS
``` Bone Meninges CSF Blood Brain Barrier (BBB): 5) Cerebral Arterial Circle: ```
41
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
 surrounds brain + spinal cord  in brain ventricles + central canal of spinal cord  cushions CNS – brain buoyant  formed from blood plasma (similar composition)  produced by choroid plexuses (blood capillaries) found in each ventricle
42
ventricles:
* spaces inside brain (filled with CSF) * 2 lateral ventricles (1st + 2nd) – in cerebrum * 3rd ventricle = in diencephalon * 4th ventricle = surrounded by pons, medulla oblongata, cerebrum
43
central canal:
• space in spinal cord
44
Blood Brain Barrier (BBB):
2 cell types: a) endothelial cells (of capillaries) with tight junctions b) astrocytes – foot processes wrap around endothelial cells  selectively permeable o allows: glucose, fat soluble material o not toxins, antibiotics, etc.
45
Cerebral Arterial Circle:
cerebral arteries form circle at base of forebrain o circles pituitary gland + optic chiasma (where optic nerves cross) o unites the two major blood supplies to the brain (anterior + posterior) o provides an alternate route for blood if vessels blocked
46
Forebrain:
a) cerebrum (= right + left cerebral hemispheres)  lobes (named after overlying bones): i. frontal ii. temporal iii. parietal iv. occipital v. insula – deep to temporal lobe
47
What surface features does the forebrain have?
i. fissures = deep grooves ii. gyri = ridges iii. sulci = shallow grooves (separate gyri)
48
fissures
deep grooves  longitudinal fissure  separates right + left cerebral hemispheres  transverse fissure  separates cerebellum + cerebrum  lateral fissure  separates temporal lobe from rest of cerebrum
49
gyri
ridges  examples: o postcentral gyrus in parietal lobe o precentral gyrus in frontal lobe
50
sulci
shallow grooves (separate gyri)  example: o central sulcus – between frontal + parietal lobes
51
What are the 3 layers of the forebrain?
i. cerebral cortex ii. tracts (white matter) iii. basal nuclei
52
cerebral cortex
```  2 – 4 mm thick, gray matter  has functional areas:  motor areas  sensory areas  association areas  others: ```
53
motor areas
 all in frontal lobe  control skeletal muscle movement  3 regions: a primary motor area (precentral gyrus) b premotor area c Broca’s area (motor speech)
54
sensory area
a general sensory area (pain, touch, temp, pressure)  postcentral gyrus in parietal lobe vision  occipital lobe auditory + olfaction  temporal lobe taste + visceral sensation (e.g. full bladder)  insula
55
association areas
 recognize info from memories | o parietal, occipital, temporal lobes
56
others:
```  memory o temporal lobes  concious intellect (personality, learning, ideas, judgement, etc.) o prefrontal cortex ```
57
list the types of tracts
 association tracts  from gyrus to gyrus in same hemisphere  commissural tracts  from gyrus to gyrus in opposite hemispheres  e.g. corpus callosum projection tracts  run vertically (brain to spinal cord / spinal cord to brain TRACTS= WHITE MATTER
58
basal nuclei
control skeletal muscle movement | paired masses of grey matter with white matter
59
Diencephalon
all gray matter a) thalamus b) hypothalamus
60
thalamus
 2 lobes connected by intermediate mass (bridge through 3rd ventricle)  relay station for impulses coming to cortex (from spinal cord)
61
hypothalamus
 inferior to thalamus, above pituitary  major regulator of the internal environment (visceral control) o e.g. blood pressure, heart rate
62
Midbrain:
 connects pons + diencephalon  contains cerebral aqueduct  anterior portion = cerebral peduncles (projection tracts)  posterior portion = 4 nuclei = corpora quadrigemina o 2 superior colliculi • visual reflexes o 2 inferior colliculi • hearing
63
Hindbrain
Pons Medulla Cerebellum
64
Pons
anterior to cerebellum tracts between brain + spinal cord, + tracts to/from cerebellum pontine respiratory centres
65
Medulla
 inferior to pons  ends at foramen magnum  2 bulges (called pyramids) = large motor tracts (= part of corticospinal tracts) o just above spinal cord = decussation (crossover) of pyramids  3 vital centres in medulla: i. cardiac ii. vasomotor (blood vessels) iii. respiratory  several non-vital centres for swallowing, sneezing, vomiting
66
Brain Stem
= midbrain, pons, medulla
67
Cerebellum
 posterior to pons/medulla  has folds similar to gyri = folia  cortex = gray matter  arbor vitae (deep to cortex) = white matter  coordinates skeletal muscle contraction o balance, posture
68
a) Limbic System
 nuclei in cerebrum + diencephalon  regulates emotions (laughing, crying, etc.)  contains areas involved in memory (memories evoke emotional responses)
69
Reticular Formation
 nuclei in brain stem  cortex, thalamus, + hypothalamus involved o (together form RAS = Reticular Activating System)  regulates alertness + attention o filters stimuli + only sends new/unusual signals to other brain areas  sleep results when inhibited  if damaged = coma
70
2 pairs
= only sensory neurons o I and II
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1 pair
mainly sensory neurons o VIII
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9 pairs
mixed nerves o carry both sensory + motor neurons ▪ motor neurons have cell bodies in brainstem nuclei 12 ▪ sensory neurons have cell bodies in ganglia of PNS o e.g. trigeminal nerve (V) ▪ motor function = chewing ▪ sensory fxn = conveys general sensations (touch, pressure, pain, temperature) from face to CNS
73
Cranial Nerves
12 pairs total

Anatomy (19 decks)

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