Topic 2

Question 1

three domains of life

Answer 1

bacteria, archea, eukarya

Question 2

linnaean taxonomy

Answer 2

the huge spectrum of all the merged species
- organisms are written with two names

Question 3

the two major types of organisms

Answer 3

prokaryotic and eukaryotic

Question 4

prokaryotic and eukaryotic shared features

Answer 4

plasma membrane, ribosomes, cytoplasm, DNA

Question 5

prokayotics include which domains

Answer 5

bacteria and archaea
- can be found in extreme locations
- most abundant organisms on earth

Question 6

prokaryotic cell 5

Answer 6

• cell is simple
• small
• does not contain a nucleus or other membrane bound organelles
• lack compartmentalization
• dna is circular

Question 7

eukaryotic cells 4

Answer 7

• larger
• membrane bound organelles
• largest organelle is nucleus
• compartmentalization of cell

Question 8

four major eukaryotic kingdoms

Answer 8

plants (photosynthesis)
fungi (absorb nutrients)
animals (ingest their food)
protists (mostly sing celled)

Question 9

domain bacteria

Answer 9

• include most prokaryotic species
• pathogenic to humans (harmful)
• beneficial to humans (cheese)
• research

Question 10

domain archaea

Answer 10

• prokaryotic cells
• live in extreme enviro (extremophiles)
• extreme halophiles (saline)
• extreme thermophiles (temp)

Question 11

domains shared characteristics

Answer 11

• dna backbone to life
• bacteria and archaea both prokaryotes

Question 12

matter

Answer 12

anything that takes up space and has mass
- organic or inorganic
- consists of chemical elements in pure form and in combinations (compounds)

Question 13

chemical equilibrium

Answer 13

reached when forward and reverse reactions occur at the same rate

Question 14

atom

Answer 14

smallest unit of matter that still retains properties of an element

Question 15

isotopes

Answer 15

differ in number of neutrons

Question 16

radioactive isotopes

Answer 16

decay spontaneously, giving off particles and energy
- PET scan

Question 17

covalent bond

Answer 17

share a pair of electrons
- the electron count as part of each atoms valance shell

Question 18

molecule

Answer 18

2 + atoms held together by covalent bond

Question 19

compound

Answer 19

covalent bond between different atoms

Question 20

polar covalent bond

Answer 20

atoms do not share electrons equally

Question 21

hydrogen bonds

Answer 21

• weak chem interaction
• H atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom and it is also attracted to another electroneg atom
• usually N or O

Question 22

water

Answer 22

only substance to exsist in all states naturally

Question 23

is water polar

Answer 23

yes
- electrons spend more time near the oxygen than the hydrogen
- polarity allows hydrogen bonds to form with other water molecules

Question 24

4 emergent properties of water enable the suitability for life

Answer 24

• cohesive behaviour
• ability to moderate temperature
• expansion upon freezing
• versatality as a solvent

Question 25

cohesion

Answer 25

hydrogen bonds hold water molecules together. - helps transport water agains gravty in plants

Question 26

ahesion

Answer 26

attraction between different substances

Question 27

surface tension

Answer 27

measure how difficult it is to break the surface of a liquid - water has high surface tension due to hydrogen bonding

Question 28

waters ability to moderate temp

Answer 28

absorbs heat from warmer air and releases stored heat to cooler air - water can act as a heat bank

Question 29

thermal energy

Answer 29

the total kinetic energy associated with random motion of atoms or molecules

Question 30

temperature

Answer 30

average kinetic energy of molecules in a body of matter

Question 31

waters specific heat

Answer 31

high specific heat. that is why it resists chnage in temperature

Question 32

specific heat of something

Answer 32

- amount of heat needed for 1g of the thing to raise by 1 degree

Question 33

why does water have high specific heat

Answer 33

- hydrogen bonding - heat is absorbed to break bonds - heat is released when bonds form

Question 34

what does having a high specific heat capacity do

Answer 34

acts as a buffer to minimize temperature fluctuations to permit life

Question 35

heat of vapourization

Answer 35

the heat a liquid must absorb for 1g to be converted to gas - breaks hydrogen bonds

Question 36

evaporative cooling

Answer 36

as liquid evapourates its remaining surface cools - when this happens to water it helps to stabalize temperatures in organisms and bodies of water (sweating)

Question 37

why does ice float in water

Answer 37

becuase hydrogen bonds in ice are more ordered making ice less dense than water

Question 38

what temp does water reach greatest density

Answer 38

4 degrees

Question 39

solvent vs solute

Answer 39

solvent- dissolving agent of a solution solute- substance that is dissolved

Question 40

why is water a versatile solvent

Answer 40

polarity

Question 41

amphipathic

Answer 41

substance is one that has both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties

Question 42

water is in a state of what

Answer 42

dynamic equilibrium - water molecules dissociate at the same rate at which they form

Question 43

buffers

Answer 43

minimize chnages in concentrations of H+ and OH- in a solution

Question 44

ocean acidification

Answer 44

- co2 main product of fossil fuel combustion - 25% absorbed in ocean - Co2 dissolved in seawater forms carbonic acid - H+ ions combine with carbonate to produce bicarbonate

Question 45

carbonate is used for what

Answer 45

calcification- building coral reefs