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Genetics (lecture 3-4) > Topic 2 > Flashcards

Topic 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Structures found in living cells that contain the genetic material

A

Chromosomes

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2
Q

Leads to the production of two cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell

A

Mitosis

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3
Q

Reduces the genetic content and number of chromosomes into half of the original

A

Meiosis

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4
Q

Defines the cell boundary and delimits the cell from its external environment

A

Plasma membrane

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5
Q

The cell wall of plants is made up of?

A

Cellulose

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6
Q

Provides biochemical identity at the surface of cells

A

Glycocalyx

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7
Q

Act as recognition sites that transfer specific chemical signals across the cell membrane to the cell

A

Receptor molecules

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8
Q

Have “true nucleus”

A

Eukaryotic

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9
Q

The entirety of the cell within the plasma membrane excluding the nucleus

A

Cytoplasm

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10
Q

Support structure of cell, Maintains cell shape, facilitates mobility, anchors various organelles

A

Cytoskeleton

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11
Q

Serves as the site for fatty acid and phospholipid synthesis

A

Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum

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12
Q

Contains ribosomes

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

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13
Q

Where genetic information from mRNA is translated into proteins

A

Ribosomes

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14
Q

Performs ATP synthesis during cell respiration

A

Mitochondria

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15
Q

found in plants, algae and some protozoans; Performs photosynthesis

A

Chloroplast

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16
Q

Associated with the organization of spindle fibers that function in mitosis and meiosis

A

Centrioles

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17
Q

A field of genetics that involves the microscopic examination of chromosomes

A

Cytogenetics

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18
Q

An organized representation of chromosomes in a cell

A

Karyotype

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19
Q

It has two sets of chromosomes

A

Diploid cell

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20
Q

One-half of the diploid number

A

Haploid cells

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21
Q

A constricted region whose location establishes the general appearance of each chromosome

A

Centromere

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22
Q

What are the four classification of chromosomes based on the position of centromere

A

Telocentric
Acrocentric
Sub-metacentric
Metacentric

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23
Q

“petite” , shorter arm in chromosomes

A

p arm

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24
Q

longer arm below the centromere in chromosomes

A

q arm

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25
Members of a pair of chromosomes
Homologs
26
True or False Many bacteria and viruses have one chromosome
True
27
It mask the expression of recessive alleles
Dominant
28
Eye color; located in chromosome 15; results in blue or brown eyes
OCA2
29
True or false The sequence of bases usually differs by less than 2%
False (1% only)
30
Carries the same allele
Homozygous
31
Carries different alleles
Heterozygous
32
Physical location of a gene
Locus
33
Inheritance from two parents. One set coming from the maternal parent and the other from the paternal parent
Biparental Inheritance
34
XX Chromosome
Female
35
XY Chromosome
Male
36
In ________________, the mother cell is one individual and the daughter cells are two new separate organisms
Unicellular organisms
37
A process that does not involve genetic contribution from two different gametes
Asexual reproduction
38
Produce two daughter cells that have the same number and types of chromosomes as the mother cell
Eukaryotic cell division
39
A series of phases that aims to divide eukaryotic cells
Cell cycle
40
Consist of the G₁, S and G₂ phases
Interphase
41
Critical periods that involve many molecular changes
Gap phases
42
Preparation to divide May accumulate molecular changes and reach a restriction point that leads to cell division
Gap 1 phase
43
True or False In the case of terminally differentiated cells, they will never divide again
True
44
When cells temporarily do not advance through the rest of the cycle
Gap 0 phase
45
Chromosome replication
Synthesis (S) phase
46
A group of proteins bound to the centromere and holds the chromatids together
Kinetochore
47
Accumulation of materials necessary for nuclear and cell division
Gap 2 phase
48
Distribute the replicated chromosomes, divide one nucleus into two, give each daughter cell the complementary chromosomes
M Phase (Mitosis)
49
formation of two daughter cells
Cytokinesis
50
Structures found in eukaryotic cells from which microtubules originate
Microtubule-organizing centers (MTOCs)
51
formed from the rapid polymerization of tubulin proteins
Microtubules
52
Contains a pair of centrioles that form a right angle with each other. Found in animal cells but NOT in all eukaryotic cells
Centrosomes
53
3 types of microtubules
Aster Polar Kinetochore
54
Emanate outward from the centrosome toward the plasma membrane
Aster microtubules
55
Project toward the region where the chromosomes are found during the mitosis (between the spindle poles)
Polar Microtubules
56
A microtubule that have attachments to the kinetochores
Kinetochore microtubules
57
Phases in Mitosis
Prophase Prometaphase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
58
Replication of chromosomes into chromatids joined as sister chromatids
Prophase
59
A multi-subunit protein complex that holds the sister chromatids together
Cohesion
60
-Movement of centrosomes to opposite ends -Interaction of spindle fibers with the sister chromatids -Attachment of kinetochore microtubules
Prometaphase
61
Sister chromatids align along the metaphase plate
Metaphase
62
-Sister chromatids are separated as an individual chromosome -Movement of chromosomes to opposite poles
Anaphase
63
Chromosomes reach their respective poles
Telophase
64
-Two nuclei are separated to daughter cells -Segregation of cell organelles
Cytokinesis
65
Myosin hydrolyzes ATP that shortens the ring to form a _______
Cleavage furrow
66
This structure forms shortly after the Anaphase in plant cell mitosis
Cell plate
67
Production of haploid cells that contain a single set of chromosomes from a diploid cell
Meiosis
68
True or false Meiosis involves two successive division
True ( Meiosis I and Meiosis II)
69
5 Stages of Prophase I
Leptotene Zygotene Pachytene Diplotene Diakinesis
70
The replicated chromosomes begins to condense and become visible with a light microscope
Leptotene
71
The recognition process that happens in Zygotene
Synapsis
72
It promotes the binding of homologs to each other
Synaptonemal complex
73
Homologs become completely aligned
Pachytene
74
Contains two pairs of chromatids
Bivalent
75
Physical exchange of chromosome pieces that result in exchange of genetic information
Crossing over
76
The connection resulting from the crossing over
Chiasma (Chiasmata)
77
Disappearance of synaptonemal complex, chromatids pull apart slightly
Diplotene
78
Synaptonemal complex completely disappears
Diakinesis
79
What happens at Prometaphase I
Nuclear membrane disappears Formation of spindle fibers Chromosomes begins to move
80
The pairs of sister chromatids are aligned in a double row
Metaphase I
81
The two sister chromatids separate from each other
Anaphase I
82
What happens at Telophase I and Cytokinesis
-Sister chromatids reach their respective poles - Decondensation occurs - Nuclear membranes reforms to produce two separate nuclei - Reduction division - Haploid cells that do not have pairs of homologous chromosomes
83
Meiosis II is similar to Meiosis I but with different starting point
False (Mitosis)
84
The process where gametes are made in such a way that they contain half the amount of the organisms genetic material
Sexual Reproduction
85
The process of producing gametes
Gametogenesis
86
Gametes are morphologically similar
Isogamous
87
Produce two morphologically different types of gametes
Heterogamous
88
Production of sperm, occurs in the testes
Spermatogenesis
89
Part of a sperm that contain digestive enzymes
Acrosome
90
A part of sperm that contains many mitochondria
Collar
91
Production of egg cell
Oogenesis
92
Oogenesis occurs within a specialized diploid cell of the ovary
Ooginia
93
A process that starts in puberty
Spermatogenesis
94
A process that begins in fetus
Oogenesis
95
In alteration of generation, meiosis produces haploid cells called
Spores
96
It can lead to chromosomal abnormalities including non disjunction and polyploidies
Errors in Meiosis
97
Occurs when chromosomes fail to separate appropriately
Non-disjunction
98
Occurs when there are more than 2 copies of a homologous chromosome in a cell
Polyploidy
99
What chromosome causes Down Syndrome
Trisomy 21

Genetics (lecture 3-4) (2 decks)

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