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Genetics (lecture 3-4) > Topic 3 > Flashcards

Topic 3 Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

The first to provide an explanation for hereditary traits

A

Hippocrates

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2
Q

Hippocrates said that ________ are produced by all parts of the body and then collected and transmitted to the offsprings at conception

A

Seeds

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3
Q

He did the first systematic studies of genetic crosses. he proposes the blending hypothesis of inheritance

A

Joseph Kolreuter

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4
Q

This hypothesis states that the factor that dictates hereditary traits could blend together from generation to generation

A

Blending hypothesis of inheritance

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5
Q

He wrote the experiments on plant hybrid

A

Gregor Mendel

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6
Q

Who are the three scientist that rediscovered mendel’s hypothesis

A

Hugo De Vries
Curt Stern
Erich von Tschemak-Seysenegg

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7
Q

When two distinct individuals with different characteristics are bred or crossed

A

Hybridization

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8
Q

The offspring of hybridization is called

A

Hybrids

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9
Q

Why does gregor mendel use peas?

A
  • Easy to grow
  • Contain both male and female parts
  • Usually self pollinate but can also be cross pollinated
  • Possess several visible characteristics
  • Each characteristic has two common values
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10
Q

Is the haploid reproductive cells that can unite to form a zygote

A

Gametes

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11
Q

Male gametes produced within pollen grains formed in the anther

A

Sperm

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12
Q

This is where pollen grain lands to stimulate pollen tube formation and for fertilization to take place

A

Stigma

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13
Q

It is an opening in the ovule wall where sperm enters to fuse with the egg

A

Micropyle

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14
Q

The pollen and eggs are derived from the same plant. It is also called selfing

A

Self-fertilization

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15
Q

It is a modified petal that covers the reproductive structures

A

Keel

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16
Q

True or false

Pollination usually happens even before the flower opens

A

True

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17
Q

General characteristic of an organism

A

Character

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18
Q

It is the variant or specific properties of a character

A

Traits

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19
Q

A variety that continues to produce the same characteristics after several generation of self fertilization

A

True breeding line

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20
Q

A trait does not vary in appearance from generation to generation

A

Breeding true

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21
Q

What are the seven characters of peas

A

Seed shape
Seed color
Flower color
Pod shape
Pod color
Flower position
Flower height

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22
Q

A cross in which only one character is observed

A

Single-factor cross

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23
Q

Single character height with the product of crossing to parents of different variants

A

Monohybrid

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24
Q

A quantitative analysis of process b uncover mathematical relationship that would otherwise be mysterious

It determine relationship that governs heredity traits

A

Empirical approach

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25
These are laws that deduced from an empirical approach
Empirical laws
26
Expresses itself more strongly all by itself than any other variant or trait
Dominant
27
A variant or trait that is masked by the presence of a dominant but reappears in subsequent generations
Recessive
28
The genetic determinants or passed along as "unit factors" from generation to generation
Unit factors
29
It is not true that the genes that govern traits are inherited as discrete units that remain unchanged as they are passed from parent to offspring
Particulate theory of inheritance
30
He is the one who coined the word "gene"
Wilhelm Johannsen
31
It is a unit of hereditary that may influence the outcome of an organism traits
Gene
32
The different forms of the same gene
Allele
33
The two copies of a gene segregate from each other during transmission from parent to offspring
Mendel's law of segregation
34
Individual that possesses two identical copies of a gene
Homozygous
35
An individual that carries different alleles of a gene
Heterozygous
36
A genetic composition of an individual
Genotype
37
An observable characteristics of an individual
Phenotype
38
Who invented the punnett square
Reginald Punnett
39
It predicts the outcome of simple genetic crosses and self fertilization experiments
Punnett Square
40
In olives the investigation of two different characters within the same groups of individual
Dihybrid cross
41
Other term for Dihybrid cross
Two-factor cross
42
Combination of traits were not found in the true-breeding plants of the P generation It contradicts the linked assortment hypothesis
Nonparentals
43
Two different genes randomly assorts their alleles during the formation of haploid cells
Law of Independent Assortment
44
The expected outcome when heterozygous for two traits are allowed to self-fertilize
9:3:3:1
45
Two methods used when crossing three or more characters
Multiplication and Fork-Lined method
46
It is the result of three lines of scientific inquiry
Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance
47
The three lines of scientific inquiry in chromosomal theory of inheritance
1. Mendel's studies 2. Biochemical basis of heredity 3. Microscopic examination of the process of fertilization
48
Who are the two scientist that champion the biochemical basis of heredity
Carl Nageli August Weismann
49
True or false The law of segregation cannot be explained by the separation of homologs during meiosis
False - it can
50
True or false The law of independent assortment is explained by the random alignment of homologous during meiosis
True
51
This happens when an offspring receives a combination of alleles that differ from those in its parents
Genetic recombination
52
The two mechanisms that can result to genetic recombination
1. Independent assortment 2. Crossing over
53
Charts representing family relationship. It is used to study traits and parental crosses
Family trees or pedigrees
54
An abnormalities of the pancreas intestine sweat glands and lungs.
Cystic fibrosis
55
A gene is on a chromosome that is not a sex chromosome
Autosomal
56
Recessive genes are passed on to those that do not show the trait
Autosomal dominant
57
A metabolic disorder characterized by skin blistering as a result of increased sensitivity to sunlight.
Porphyria variegata
58
They do not exhibit the trait since it is recessive but can pass it on to their offspring if mated with a heterozygote
Autosomal Recessive
59
Family history of affected individuals usually reveal that their parents are related
Consanguinity
60
most common serious autosomal recessive disorder in western Europeans
Cystic fibrosis
61
One of the original inborn errors of metabolism • One-quarter or more of the parents were first cousins (Bateson and Garrod)
Alkaptonuria
62
The pattern of inheritance shown by genes that are located on either of the sex chromosomes (X, Y)
Sex-linked
63
Determined by a gene carried on the X chromosome • Usually manifests only in males
X-linked Recessive Inheritance
64
X-linked inheritance were appreciated by the Jews nearly 2000 years ago because of what disease?
Hemophilia
65
Her carrier daughters introduced the gene into Russian and Spanish royal families
Queen Victoria
66
True or false The disease must be recessive if any affected individual has 2 unaffected parents
True
67
True or false The disease must be recessive if every affected child of non-founding parents has an affected parent
False - dominant
68
An individual being studied or reported on within the family tree
Proband

Genetics (lecture 3-4) (2 decks)

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