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topic 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Gene

A

A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific protein

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2
Q

Allele

A

Different forms of a gene

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3
Q

what does homozygous mean

A

Having two identical alleles for a particular gene

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4
Q

what does heterozygous mean

A

having two different alleles for a particular gene

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5
Q

what is a recessive allele

A

An allele that can only be expressed with the absence of a dominant allele

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6
Q

what is a dominant allele

A

An allele whose trait always shows up in the organism when the allele is present

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7
Q

what is the primary protein structure

A

sequence of amino acids bonded by covalent peptide bonds

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8
Q

what is the secondary protein structure

A

occurs when the sequence of amino acids are linked by hydrogen bonds

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9
Q

what is helix (secondary structure)

A

occurs when hydrogen bonds form between every 4 peptide bonds

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10
Q

what is pleated sheets (secondary structure)

A

forms when the protein folds so that two parts of the polypeptide chain are parallel to each other enabling hydrogen bonds to form between parallel peptide bonds

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11
Q

what is the tertiary protein structure

A

3D folding pattern of a protein due to side chain interactions

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12
Q

what is the quaternary protein structure

A

Occurs in proteins that have more than one polypeptide chain working together as a functional macromolecule

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13
Q

describe globular proteins

A

spherical, water-soluble proteins.

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14
Q

describe fibrous proteins

A

long, insoluble, structural proteins.

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15
Q

what is an enzyme

A

biological catalysts, globular proteins with complex tertiary structure, produced by protein synthesis

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16
Q

what is activation energy

A

the minimum amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction (enzymes lower activation energy)

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17
Q

what is the equation for rate of reaction

A

Amount of reactant used or amount of product formed / time taken

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18
Q

name the pyrimidines

A

cytosine, thymine, uracil

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19
Q

name the purines

A

Adenine and Guanine

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20
Q

what is a nucleotide

A

A building block of DNA, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group

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21
Q

what is semi-conservative replication

A

half of the DNA is conserved and half of the DNA made is new

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22
Q

what are the enzymes involved in DNA replication

A

DNA helicase, DNA polymerase, DNA ligase

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23
Q

what does DNA helices do

A

An enzyme that unwinds the DNA double helix during DNA replication

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24
Q

what does DNA polymerase do

A

Enzyme involved in DNA replication that joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule

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25
what does DNA ligase do
joins fragments of DNA together
26
what did Meselson and Stahl determine
Determined that DNA replication is semiconservative.
27
what is a DNA strand made of
deoxyribose sugar, ATCG bases, double strands
28
what is a RNA stand made of
ribose sugar, AUCG bases, single strand
29
m(RNA)
found in the nucleus, carries the message of how to make a protein to the ribosome
30
t(RNA)
transfers amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosome
31
r(RNA)
makes up ribosomes
32
what is transcription
occurs in the nucleus, the process of making mRNA
33
what is translation
uses the mRNA code to translate into a protein
34
what is diffusion
movement of particles from high to low concentration
35
what is facilitated diffusion
diffusion using a channel or carrier protein
36
what is osmosis
movement of water from a low to high solute concentration, through a partially permeable membrane
37
what is active transport
movement of particles from a low to high concentration against a concentration gradient
38
what is endocytosis
process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane
39
what is exocytosis
Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material
40
what is Fick's law
rate of diffusion proportional to (surface area x concentration difference) / thickness of membrane
41
what does the surface area to volume ration influence
how substances and heat energy can be transferred around multicellular organisms
42
what are factors that affect diffusion
temperature, conc gradient, membrane SA, thickness of membrane, channel/ carrier proteins
43
describe the cell membrane/ phospholipid bilayer
semi-permeable barrier, regulates transport in and out of the cell
44
what is a phospholipid
triglycerides, but on fatty acid chain is replaced with a phosphate group, has a hydrophilic head
45
what is a phospholipid bilayer made of
a thin polar membrane made of two layers of phospholipids, hydrophobic tails face inwards in order to not contact the water
46
what is the fluid mosaic model
depicts other molecules that exist within the membrane, proteins(channel/carrier), glycoproteins, glycolipids, cholesterol
47
eukaryotic vs prokaryotic DNA
eukaryotic= DNA is linear, found in membrane bound organelles prokaryotic= DNA is circular, not enclosed in a membranous envelope. the DNA exists in plasmid DNA
48
what is the genetic code
the combination of triplet codes in the genome.
49
how is genetic code degenerate
some amino acids are encoded by more than one codon. the third bases can pair even though they are not complementary
50
how is the genetic code universal
the same four bases are used I. the DNA of every organism. the same codons encode for the same amino acids in every organism. codons in the DNA are transcribed in mRNA
51
how is the genetic code non-overlapping
there is no overlap between triplet codes. each triplet code is seperate from the other triplet codes in the chromosome
52
what are amino acids (proteins) made up of
an R group, carboxylic acid, amino and a central carbon
53
what is the biological role of an amino acid
structural, catalytic, signalling and immunological
54
how do amino acids join together
a condensation reaction forms a peptide bond, one water molecule is released as a by product. this creates poly-peptide chains
55
what is cystic fibrosis caused by
caused by a mutation in the gene that codes for the CFTR protein. this protein transports chloride ions out of the cel and into the mucus causing water to move into the mucus via osmosis, regulation mucus consistency
56
what systems does cystic fibrosis effect
respiratory, digestive, reproductive
57
how does it cystic fibrosis effect the respiratory system
mucus blocks cilia, meaning there's a mucus build up in the airways. blocking them meaning gas exchange can't take place
58
how does cystic fibrosis effect the reproductive system
mucus can block the tubes connecting the testicles meaning that sperm can't reach the penis. cervical mucus can prevent the sperm from reaching the egg
59
how does cystic fibrosis effect the digestive system
the tube that connects the pancreas to the small intestine can become blocked, prevents digestive enzymes reaching the small intestine. reducing the ability to digest food, fewer nutrients can be absorbed.
60
what are the three main uses for genetic screening
identifying carrier, preimplantation genetic diagnosis, prenatal testing
61
what is carrier testing
is offered to individuals who have a family history of genetic disorders, it shows wether people without a disorder carry an allele that can cause a disorder.
62
what is preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD)
carried out of IVF embryos, involves screening for genetic disorders before they are implanted to the women
63
what are the two types of prenatal testing
amniocentesis and chorionic villus screening (CVS)
64
what is amniocentis
carried out 15-20 weeks of pregnancy, a sample of amniotic fluid is obtained via the abdomen using a fine needle. the fluid contains DNA which can be analysed
65
what is CVS
preformed 11-14 weeks of pregnancy, a sample of cells is taken from the chorionic villi, these cells can be analysed. the procedure is either done by the abdomen or the vagina
66
what are ethical issues with genetic screening
can increase the risk of miscarriage, could produce false negatives and positives meaning people make a design on abortion based on wrong results, unethical to abort

biology (9 decks)

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