topic 4

Question 1

what is biodiversity

Answer 1

the variety of organisms within a habitat, community or ecosystem. the variety of alleles within a population or gene pool

Question 2

what does the heterozygosity index measure

Answer 2

the proportion of heterozygous organisms in a population

Question 3

what is the equation for the heterozygosity index

Answer 3

No. of heterozygous organisms/ total population

Question 4

what does hardy Weinberg measure

Answer 4

the allele and genotype frequency of a population

Question 5

what is species evenness

Answer 5

how close in numbers the population of each species is

Question 6

what is species richness

Answer 6

No. of different species found in a community.

Question 7

what is a behavioural adaptation

Answer 7

changes in the way organism behave in order to improve their chance of survival

Question 8

what is a anatomical adaptation

Answer 8

changes in the morphology of the organism in order to improve their chance of survival

Question 9

what is a physiological adaptation

Answer 9

are small scale changes to an organism, such as changes to the DNA, in order to improve their chance of survival

Question 10

why are organisms classified

Answer 10

in order to determine the relatedness of different organisms to classify newly discovered species and to quantify biodiversity

Question 11

what are the 3 types of domain

Answer 11

prokaryota, eukaryota and archaea

Question 12

what’s is the order of classification

Answer 12

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

Question 13

what is the role of the millennium seed bank

Answer 13

preserves genetic diversity, allow reintroduction of endangered or extinct populations that may have been affected by habitat destruction, over harvesting or climate change, protecting plants important to medicine, source of genes for genetically modified crops

Question 14

what are storage conditions within seed banks

Answer 14

dry- to prevent damage via ice crystal formation, cold- to prevent decay (by lowering enzyme activity) to prevent germination and to protect viability and longevity

Question 15

what is the process of storing seeds

Answer 15

1. dehydrate seeds
   2.store in cold conditions
   3.grow a small sample
   4.measure viability
2. harvest new seeds to replace them

Question 16

conservation in zooos- explain the role of captive breeding programs

Answer 16

re-introduction to the wild, increase population size, maintain genetic diversity, prevent genetic drift, prevent interbreeding depression

Question 17

conservations in zoos- explain the role in conducting research

Answer 17

in-situ and ex-situ, In-situ is better to learn about the organism in its natural habitat, human presence in-situ can disturb behaviour and cost money, weather and environmental difficulties can make human attendance difficult

Question 18

conservation in zoos- explain the role of reintroduction into the wild

Answer 18

allows zoos to build a viable population of animals, issues arise with habitat destruction and animals needing to learn the skills to survive

Question 19

nervation in zoos- explain the role in conserving genetic diversity

Answer 19

studbook used to keep data of each organism e.g. previous mating partners, health, genomes

Question 20

conservation in zoos- explain the role of education

Answer 20

zoos can be used to educate the public about animals and conservation efforts

Question 21

what is cellulose

Answer 21

a polysaccharide made of beta glucose, joined by 1-4 glycosidic bonds

Question 22

what is the function of cellulose

Answer 22

provides structural support, for cells mainly found on the cell wall

Question 23

what are features of cellulose

Answer 23

cellulose chains link together via hydrogen bonds to form strong threads called microfibrils

Question 24

what is starch

Answer 24

a polysaccharide formed by condensation reactions of alpha-glucose molecules

Question 25

what are the function of starch

Answer 25

energy storage material I plants, act as a source of food, provides energy

Question 26

what are feature of starch

Answer 26

its water potential doesn't change, insoluble, made up of amylose and amylopectin

Question 27

describe amylose

Answer 27

a linear chain of alpha-glucose, helical structure meaning it can be packed tightly(useful for storage)

Question 28

describe amylopectin

Answer 28

highly branched meaning enzymes can easily break the glycosidic bonds so it can be quickly released

Question 29

name organelles found in plant cells but not animal cells

Answer 29

cell wall, middle lamella, plasmodesmata, pits, chloroplasts, amyloplasts, vacuole and tonoplasts

Question 30

describe the function of xylem cells

Answer 30

transport water and mineral ions up plants and provide support.

Question 31

describe the structure of xylem cells

Answer 31

long, tube-like structures formed of dead cells, joined end to end. have a hollow lumen and contain no cytoplasm. their walls are thickened with lignin for support.

Question 32

describe the function of phloem tissue

Answer 32

transports organic solutes (translocation)

Question 33

describe the structure of phloem tissue

Answer 33

arranged in tubes, they have sieve tube elements and companion cells. sieve tube elements are living and allow routes to pass through. companions cell carry out functions for the sieve tube.

Question 34

describe the function of sclerenchyma fibres

Answer 34

provides support

Question 35

describe the structure of sclerenchyma fibres

Answer 35

dead cells, hollow lumen, do not have ned walls. their walls are thickened with lignin

Question 36

what makes a practice sustainable

Answer 36

a sustainable practice is one that doesn't deplete resources

Question 37

what are renewable resources

Answer 37

resources that can be used indefinitely without running out

Question 38

how can using plant fibres contribute to sustainability

Answer 38

making ropes and fabrics from plant fibres instead of plastic, this makes them more sustainable as they are biodegradable and the crops can be regrown

Question 39

how can using starch contribute to sustainability

Answer 39

plastics made from starch are called bioplastics, this is more sustainable, as crops can be regrown.

Question 40

what do plants need to survive

Answer 40

water and inorganic ions

Question 41

what do plants need water for

Answer 41

needed for photosynthesis, to transport minerals and maintain structural rigidity

Question 42

what do plants use magnesium ions for

Answer 42

are needed for the production of chlorophyll, the pigment needed for photosynthesis

Question 43

what do plants need nitrate ions for

Answer 43

needed for the production of DNA proteins and chlorophyll

Question 44

what do plants need calcium ions fro

Answer 44

important for cell walls, required for cell growth

Question 45

what is the function of aseptic techniques

Answer 45

they prevent contamination of unwanted microorganisms.

Question 46

list examples of aseptic techniques

Answer 46

close windows and doors, regularly disinfect, use sterile equipment, flame necks of bottles

Question 47

describe William withering drug test

Answer 47

he made a chance observation, he tested different concentrations of digitalis soup via trail and error.

Question 48

describe modern drug testing

Answer 48

phase one- testing a new drug on a small group of healthy individuals, this finds safe dosage, side effects phase two- tested on a larger group of people to see how well the drug actually works phase three- drug is compared to existing treatments, it involves testing the drug on hundreds/ thousands of patients.