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BMSC 220 > Topic 2 > Flashcards

Topic 2 Flashcards

1
Q

cell

A

the fundamental unit of life

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2
Q

Robert Hooke

A

1665, first coined the term “cell” while viewing cross-sections of cork in primitive light microscope; invented first simple light microscope

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3
Q

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

A

1674, viewed “animalcules” in pond water and bacteria from scrapings from his teeth and identifies different cell types, magnified objects up to 300x

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4
Q

3 points of the cell theory

A
  • all organisms are composed of one or more cell
  • the cell is the structural and functional unit of life
  • cells can arise only by division from a pre-existing cell
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5
Q

Theodor Schwann

A

animal tissues

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6
Q

Jakob Schleiden

A

plant tissues

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7
Q

Rudolph Virchow

A

cellular pathology

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8
Q

4 basic macromolecules

A

nucleic acid, proteins, lipids, carbs

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9
Q

requirements for formation of first cell

A
  • organic molecules
  • molecules for catalysis of chemical reactions and self-replication (RNA)
  • a barrier between the internal and external cell environment (phospholipids)
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10
Q

Stanley Miller

A

1950, spontaneous formation of organic molecules

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11
Q

In present-day cells, DNA is the….., RNA is…… and proteins…..

A

genetic material, a carrier of info, carry out most functions

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12
Q

prokaryotic cells

A

lacks a nuclear envelope

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13
Q

eukaryotic cells

A

have a nucleus

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14
Q

viruses

A

neither prokaryotic or eukaryotic; can’t metabolize without host

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15
Q

archaebacteria

A

closest to first cell

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16
Q

cyanobacteria

A

largest, most complex prokaryote generating energy through photosynthesis

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17
Q

plants evolved from…

A

cyanobacteria

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18
Q

plasma membrane

A

forms a selective barrier

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19
Q

nucleus

A

contains genetic info

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20
Q

mitochondria

A

sites of oxidative metabolism; contains circular DNA

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21
Q

lysosomes

A

metabolic compartments for digestion of macromolecules

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22
Q

peroxisomes

A

various oxidative reactions

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23
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

a network of intracellular membranes that functions in processing and transports proteins and synthesis of lipids

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24
Q

golgi apparatus (euk)

A

sorts and transports proteins for secretion and site of lipid synthesis

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25
golgi apparatus (plants)
synthesis of polysaccharides that compose the cell wall
26
cell wall
rigid layer of polysaccharides surrounding a cell membrane
27
primary component of cell membrane
chitin in fungus and cellulose in algae and higher plants
28
chloroplasts
sites of photosynthesis; contains circular DNA
29
vacuoles
digestion of macromolecules and storage of waste products and nutrients
30
cytoskeleton
- provides structural framework | - movement of entire cells and intracellular transport
31
cytoskeleton composed of..
actin filaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules
32
yeast
simplest eukaryote
33
epithelial cells
form sheets that cover surface of body and line internal organs; specialized for protection, secretion, absorption
34
connective tissue
bone, cartilage, and adipose tissue
35
fibroblasts
fill spaces between organs and tissues in body
36
blood tissue
contains red blood cells and white blood cells
37
nervous tissue
composed of supporting cells and nerve cells which are specialized to transmit signals
38
muscle cells
responsible for production of force and movement
39
E.coli
most thoroughly studied bacteria
40
E. coli pros
simple and ease of propagation, divide every 20mins, small genome, carry out reactions in simple media
41
yeast pros
small genome, divides every 2 hours, same approaches as e.coli
42
c. elegans
entire lineage know, easily grown and subjected to genetic manipulations
43
drosophila pros
easily maintained and bred
44
xenopus laevis
all stages of development can be studied, early vertebrate developments and eggs develop outside mother
45
zebrafish
easy to maintain, reproduce rapidly, amenable to genetic manipulation, transparent embryos
46
mouse
easy to keep in lab, complete genome sequence
47
basic tool of cell biology
light microscope
48
resolution
ability to distinguish objects; constrained by wavelength of visible light
49
light microscopy (bright field)
light passes directly through cell | -requires killing of cells, cutting thin cross-section, staining
50
light microscopy (phase-contrast/differential interference-contrast)
convert variations in density or thickness into contrast that can be seen without staining -allow viewing of live cells
51
fluorescence microscopy
sensitive method to study intracellular distribution of molecules; visualization without staining
52
how do you visualize using fluorescence microscopy
fluorescent markers, dyes and proteins (GFP)
53
a major technological breakthrough in visualization of living cells was.....
discovery of green fluorescent proteins (GFP) - allowed visualization without staining of specific molecules and structures in living cells
54
confocal microscopy
specialized form of fluorescent microscopy; allows focus on a single plane in specimen; provides much sharper image and multiple images can be reconstructed into a 3D image
55
confocal yellow stain
microtubules
56
confocal blue stain
actin
57
confocal red stain
nucleus
58
electron microscope people
Claude, Porter, Palade; 1940s/50s
59
electron ......... compared to light
much greater resolution
60
wavelengths of ..... shorter than......
electrons, visible light
61
transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
passes beam of electron through specimen to form image on fluorescent screen
62
scanning electron microscopy
electron beam reflects off sample surface (coated w metal) and proves a 3D image
63
subcellular fractionation
separates and isolates organelle by size and density for use in biochemical studies
64
primary cultures
first cell cultures established from a tissue (limited number of division before death)
65
permanent (immortal) cell
embryonic stem cells or cells derived from tumours that may proliferate indefinitely in culture

BMSC 220 (12 decks)

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