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BMSC 220 > Topic 4 > Flashcards

Topic 4 Flashcards

1
Q

nucleus key function

A

genetic info; site of DNA replication, RNA synthesis, ribosome assembly

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2
Q

nuclear envelope

A

separates contents of nucleus from cytoplasm

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3
Q

nuclear pore complex

A

located in nuclear envelope; selective traffic of proteins and RNAs; differs from typical membrane channels

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4
Q

The nuclear envelope consists of which two phospholipid bilayer membranes?

A

nuclear lamina and nuclear pore complex

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5
Q

nuclear lamina

A

a fibrous mesh that provides structural support and allows things move along its framework; consist of fibrous proteins called lamins and other proteins

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6
Q

outer nuclear membrane

A

continuous with ER and enriched with membrane proteins that bind the cytoskeleton

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7
Q

inner nuclear membrane

A

has proteins that bind the nuclear lamina

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8
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

deduced the classical principles of genetic on results of pea breeding

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9
Q

Wilhelm Johannsen

A

gene

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10
Q

gene

A

an inherited factor that determines a trait

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11
Q

allele

A

specific type of trait and is one gene copy from each parent

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12
Q

_____ alleles for one gene

A

any different

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13
Q

genotype

A

genetic composition of an organism

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14
Q

phenotype

A

physical appearance of an organism

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15
Q

broad phenotype definition

A

phenotype= genotype + environment + GE interaction

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16
Q

T.H. Morgan

A

determined that phenotypic traits are inherited together as linkage groups

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17
Q

number of linkage groups=

A

number of chromosomes

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18
Q

diploid

A

two copies of each chromosome

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19
Q

central dogma

A

states that RNA molecules are synthesized from DNA templates and proteins are synthesized from RNA templates (DNA –> RNA –> proteins)

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20
Q

replication

A

synthesis of duplicated copy of DNA molecule

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21
Q

Transcription

A

synthesis of RNA molecule from DNA template

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22
Q

Translation

A

synthesis of polypeptide chain from mRNA template with help of ribosomes

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23
Q

mRNA

A

serve as templates for protein synthesis

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24
Q

rRNA

A

component of ribosomes

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25
tRNA
serves as adaptor molecules that align amino acids along mRNA template
26
the genetic code
corresponding info from nucleotide triplets called codons that encode individual amino acids
27
codons
basic units of genetic code
28
stop codons
UAA, UAG, UGA
29
AUG
Methionine
30
Describe the relationship, if any, of organism complexity to genome size and chromosome number
generally.... increased organism complexity means increased genome size, but does not mean more chromosomes!!!
31
most genes encode...
mRNAs, but some alcove regulatory and structural RNAs
32
average human gene
a segment of DNA within a chromosome that is expressed to yield a functional product
33
approximately how many genes in humans
21 000
34
coding region
portion of a genes DNA/RNA composed of exons
35
exons
segments of protein-coding sequence
36
introns
aka, intervening sequences; segments of non-protein coding sequences
37
introns used to be called..
junk DNA
38
T/F all coding regions have introns
F
39
RNA splicing
joining of exons in a precursor mRNA molecule
40
genes RNA-coding region
Introns (35%), exons only 10%
41
protein coding sequence
barely 1% is exons that actually contain genetic code sequences that encode proteins
42
As number of genes increase.... protein-coding sequence...
decreases
43
genes make up......of entire genome
small portion
44
phenotypic complexity and genetic complxity
do not rely on each other
45
chromatin
eukaryotic chromosomal DNA with proteins (twice as much proteins as DNA)
46
humans genome size
3000 Mb (millions of base pairs)
47
chromosome number in humans
23
48
nucleosomes
basic units of chromatin and consist of DNA and histones
49
histones
small proteins with high proportion of arginine and lysine which facilitate binding to neg. charged DNA sugar-phos. backbone
50
types of histones
H1, H2A, H2B, H3, H4
51
nucleosome core particles
contain 147 base pairs of DNA wrapped around an octamer consisting of two molecules each of histones (not H1)
52
chromatosome
166 bp and H1
53
H1
a linker histone
54
euchromatin
decondensed, transcriptionally active interphase chromatin
55
heterochromatin
highly condensed, transcriptionally inactive chromatin
56
constitutive heterochromatin
contains DNA that is not transcribed in any cell type (such as some DNA sequences at centromeres)
57
facultative heterochromatin
contains DNA sequences that are not transcribed in the cell being examined but may be transcribed in other cell types
58
acetylation
heterochromatin to euchromatin
59
HAT
adds acetyl groups
60
HDAC
remove acetyl groups
61
centromere
region of chromosome that ensures correct distribution of chromosomes; where sister chromatids attach
62
kinetochore
associated with centromere and where microtubules bind
63
kinetochore __________- with centromere during interphase
not associated
64
telomeres
sequences at ends of eukaryotic chromosomes; maintain stability of linear chromosomes and linked to aging and cell reproduction
65
telomerase
maintain telomeres
66
telomere DNA sequences
repeats of simple sequence with clusters of G residues on one strand
67
CENP-A
nucleosomes with CENP-A are incorporated only into centromere; directed by nucleosomes themselves not DNA
68
Why are CENP-A in nucleosomes important?
for maintaining fidelity of cell division

BMSC 220 (12 decks)

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