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topic 2 behavioural neuroscience Flashcards

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1
Q

what is Behavioural Neuroscience.

A
  • scientific study of the relationship between the nervous system and
    both the mind and behaviour
  • Links between function & structure / Mind & body Brains show a high
    degree of modularity
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2
Q

what is behaviour?

A

relates to the observable actions of humans,
animals (or artificial systems). In psychology there is a history
of using behaviour as an indicator of internal mental processes,
thoughts, emotions desires (“behaviourism”).

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3
Q

Throughout history what are changes to our understanding of the brain
are limited by? 4 things

A
  • Religious or moral views
  • Methodological limitations
  • Serendipity (reliance on chance discoveries)
  • Scientific conservatism
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4
Q

what did the ancient egyptian people believe the heart to be?

A

a seat of mind

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5
Q

what did Hippocrates do?

A

—First to propose brain controls the body not heart
–Noted the behavioural effects of
brain damage
father of modern medicine

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6
Q

what did René Descartes do?

A

French philosopher who formulated the mind-body problem, Was the first to discuss interactions
between mental and physical “I think therefore I am.”

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7
Q

what did Italian Luigi Galvani do?

A

First to suggest nerve signals are
electrical (not fluid)
===Serendipity and advances in science allowed
Galvani’s discoveries( FROG LEGS experiment).

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8
Q

what did Franz Joseph Gall do?

A

was first to propose idea of a modular
brain—–phrenology
= Was interested in relationship between
brain and personality
Proposed that the brain is composed of
several distinct ‘organs of thought’or
faculties
- reflected by characteristic patterns of bumps
on the skull
- skull maps could be used to “read” a person’s
character

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9
Q

Paul Broca

A

Provided first solid evidence of brain
modularity, patient with damage to left frontal lobe can’t speak.

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10
Q

Carl Wernicke

A

similar to Broca, found evidence for patient with
-Unable to comprehend speech
- Normal hearing & language production
- Similar patients subsequently seen with damage to
posterior part of the superior gyrus
Wer

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11
Q

Brain facts 4

A

3% of body weight
100 billion neurons
consumes 20% of body energy
more efficient than computer

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12
Q

what is neuropschology

A

Research and clinical speciality
- links brain damage (lesions) with psychological
processes

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13
Q

relationship between behavioural vs psychology

A

animal research typically emphasises the term “Behaviour”
- human research typically emphasises the term “psychology”

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14
Q

what is Psychopharmacology

A

role of neurochemistry in mind and behaviour, neurotransmitters, drugs

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15
Q

Comparative neuroanatomy vs Comparative psychology

A

neuroanatomy=
Comparing brain structures across species
psychology= Comparing psychological process and behaviour across species
Brain evolution
- origin (and purpose) of behaviours
- commonalities across species
- links between brain regions and behaviour

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16
Q

what is Cognitive Neuroscience?

A

(study of memory, language,
perception, decision making etc)
functional connectivity (how multiple brain regions
work together to support complex functions)

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17
Q

what is Psychophysiology?

A

the scientific study of the relationship between mental processes and physiological responses.

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18
Q

what is Silico Neuroscience?

A

computer modelling to emulate neural structures in
the human brain

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19
Q

what does having more neurons mean

A

The more neurons within the brain, and the greater number of
synaptic connections between neurons the greater the complexity of function that the
brain can support.

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20
Q

limitations of comparative psych

A

-Comparing conscious / subjective experience is much harder
-Evidence of visual illusions
also exists across species

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21
Q

what’s The Allen Brain Institute

A

$100million donation from Microsoft founder Paul Allen.
§ Creating very detailed maps/atlas with data from mouse &
human brain from brain areas > neurons> genes

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22
Q

what’s The goal of Human Brain Project

A

§ Emphasis on simulating neurons for “brain inspired computing”
“neuromorphic computing” (sometimes described as “brain on a
chip”) - In silico neuroscience

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23
Q

benefits of the Human Brain Project.

A

HBP seeks to bring the bring vital software tools to neuroscience to:
- reduce the need for animal experiments
- study diseases in unprecedented in silico experiments
- improve the validation of data and experiments with computational validation.

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24
Q

Rostral

A

toward the beak of dog( anterior)

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25
Dorsal
towards the back of dog (superior)
26
ventral
towards belly of dog( inferior)
27
caudal
toward the tail of dog(posterior)
28
neural axis
imaginary line drawn from front of brain to spinal cord
29
ipsilateral
on the same side of midline
30
contralateral
on opposite side of midline
31
homotopic
axons that connects complementary region of other hemisphere (same region) in corpus callosum
32
heterotopic
axon that communicates to a different brain regions in corpus callous
33
what's corpus callosum
large bundle of axons that connect two hemispheres
34
what does forebrain division consists of 2
telencephalon diencephalon
35
what does mid brain consists of 1
mesencephalon
36
what does hindbrain consists of 2
metencephalon myelencephalon
37
Structure of telencephalon
subdivision of the forebrain & consists of the limbic system, Basal Ganglia and Cerebral Cortex
38
describe limbic system in telencephalon
includes the hypothalamus,(homeostasis), thalamus(relays info), , hippocampus(memory) , amygdala(emotion)
39
describe diencephalon 2 structures and their functions
thalamus and hypothalamus thalamus =Major relay station for sensory inputs to cerebral cortex and is Divided into several nuclei hypothalamus = homeostasis through hormones and survival behaviours
40
function of basal ganglia in telencephalon division, and what disease does people with dysfunction BG have
responsible for controlling involuntary movement, particular aspects that are highly automatised or involuntary ===parkinson's disease
41
describe cerebral cortex of the telencephalon division
largest structure of human brain divided into two cerebral hemispheres --Inner “white matter” is pale because it has a high proportion of axon fibres covered in fatty myelin layer. --Outer “grey matter” where the neurons synapse and connect together
42
describe mesencephalon (midbrain)
IN brainstem, It connects the pons and cerebellum with the forebrain. plays an important role in motor movement particularly movement of the eye, and in auditory and visual processing.
43
describe Metemcephalon in hindbrain
Includes the cerebellum and Pons cerebellum receives information helps coordination of movement and balance . Pons regulates sleep and arousal
44
describe myelencephalon un hindbrain 'myel' spinal cord
AKA Medulla oblongata responsible for autonomic functions like respiration and hear rate.
45
structure of the 3 major divisions top to bottom
forebrain midbrain hindbrain
46
parietal lobe function
attention and spatial awareness
47
temporal lobe function
hearing (primary auditory cortex)--tonotopic map to interpret sounds of diff frequency + facial recognition
48
primary somatosensory cortex
between frontal and parietal lobes Receives sensory information from the skin (temperature, touch & pain)
49
Primary motor cortex
located on the precentral gyrus control different groups of voluntary muscles (e.g., hands, feet, lips). Like the primary sensory cortices, the primary motor cortex controls muscles on the opposite (contralateral) side of the body
50
Frontal lobe functions
“higher order” functions of the frontal lobes - Voluntary, controlled behaviour - Impulse control & emotional regulation - Abstract reasoning & planning - Social cognition - Language
51
2 action potention laws
All or none Rate( more stronger stimulus, faster action potentials)
52
What is endocytosis
Process of reabsorption and recycling of neurotransmitters into synapse after being released
53
Explain EPSP in neural integration
excitatory postsynaptic potentials depolarise postsynaptic cell membrane,increasing likehood of action potential triggered Glutamate is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter
54
What is IPSP in neural integration
Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials hyperpolarise the postsynaptic cell membrane, decreasing likelihood of action potential triggered. GABA is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter
55
Agonist vs antagonist drug
Agonist binds to the receptors creating same effect as the neurotransmitter Antagonist binds to receptor blocking the access from agonists in body
56
how many neurons in brain
86 billion
57
limbic system primary function
emotion control
58
what does EEG refer to
both the electroenchephalogy(method) and the electroencephalogram (data)
59
what is eeg main diagnostic test for
epilepsy
60
strengths for eeg
=good temporal resolution (accurate measurements of changes overtime) =cheap =portble =safe, low risk
61
weakness for EEG
poor spatial resolution, only detects activity on the surface of the cortex, hard to detect central regions because electrodes are outside of scull
62
what the fuck is Electrophysiology
a field of study focused on the electrical properties of neuron cells.
63
strengths of Electrophysiology
Records directly from individual neuron's so is the best method to use if you want to know what neurone are doing
64
limitations of electrophysiology
invasive can only record up to 100 neutrons at a time. small network
65
What does MRI do
exploits magnetic properties of brain tissues magnetic field passes through the person's head causing Hydrogen atoms to align with the field. Radio frequency waves temporally disrupt alignment causing signal. Analysis software converts signals into detailed images of diff structures in the brain.
66
how does MRI show structure
Diffusion Tensor imaging , detect large axon tracts that flow through the brain and connect different regions of cortex
67
how does fMRI work to show functions of brain
comparing oxygenated and deoxygenated ( distorts magnetic field) bloods in brain. blood vessels become more visible as blood o2 decreases BOLD tracks the ration between two bloods
68
strengths of MRI
HIGH SPATIAL RESOLUTION identify specific anatomical/structural and functional properties of diff brain regions
69
Limitations of MRI
EXPENSIVE large safety risks with metals in room requires specist staff
70
What is PET scan
uses radioactive substances knowns as tracers to visualise glucose metabolism or neurotransmitter/receptor function. Measure changes in brain chemistry
71
what is PET diagnostic for
alzheimer's disease- detect amyloid protein buildup, high means alzheimer
72
strengths of PET
can detect chemicals in brain associated with metabolism or specific neurotransmitters
73
limitations of PET
expensive require pro staff low spatial resolution risk of radioactive traces in blood.
74
what does EEG do
measure scalp activity single-unit recording of neurons
75
what is Brain modulation?
the process of influencing or altering brain activity, typically for therapeutic purposes..The goal of brain modulation is to modify neuronal activity in specific brain regions or circuits, potentially leading to improvements in neurological or neuropsychiatric conditions.
76
other purpose for brain modulation
research, unlike fMRI( correlations, it provides info about causation and whether a given brain region is necessary for a particular task.
77
what is ablation studies
also known as a lesion study, involves intentionally damaging or removing specific brain regions in experimental animals to understand their function.
78
what is Frontal leukotomy and what are the two methods
a now-discredited neurosurgical procedure that involved severing connections within the frontal lobes of the brain. 1.leucotome inserted into drilled hole in skull, wire to remove tissue. 2. cutting implement inserted above eyelid, operating frontal lobes from rest of brain
79
what method is sued to reveal precise localisation of cortical function
Electrical brain stimulation
80
electroconvulsive Therapy ECT
non-invasive treatment or severe depression via a seizure which reduce psychiatric symptoms
81
tDCS transcranial direct current stimulation
non-invasive electrical brain stimulation done by strapping battery to brain- improve cognitive, memory... debatable
82
TMS magnetic stimulation
-a coil carrying current generates a magnetic pulse that activates a small region of cortex. like a virtual lesion, disrupting tissue for few hundred milliseconds.
83
how do drugs impact brain activity
can impact every stage of neurotransmitter function from synthesis to release to receptor binding.
84
what is synaptic plasticity
pattern of adaptability/ changeability of neural connections. existing synapses can be strengthened or weakened new synapses can be generated
85
Long Term Potentiation ( strengthening neuron)
synaptic connection becomes stronger if activation at one synapse is repeatedly accompanied by action potential. post synaptic neuron will become more 'sensitive' to neurotransmitter release from presynaptic neuron., more likely to reach threshold. allows the neural signal transmission to be quicker referred to Hebb Rule or hebbian learning " neurons that fire together wire together"
86
LTD Long Term Depression
opposite of LTP , weakening of synaptic connections b/c post synaptic neuron becomes less sensitive to neurotransmitters released by presynaptic neuron. Memory/ skills lost if the neural networks are not stimulated frequently ' USE IT OR TAKE IT"
87
how does brain generate neurons
in Hippocampus and olfactory bulb through neurogenesis, h/w not in all brain regions and neurons that are destroyed are typically not replaced- brain damage
88
what do LTP AND LTD do tat
increase capacity for surviving neurons to adapt, improve function and rehab. compensation for some lost functioning
89
pre motor cortex
control of task specific complex movements, motor planning and learning.
90
basal ganglia
motor movements, selecting one motion out of many to be executed
91
emotion refers to
1. pos/neg feelings we experience 2. physiological / behavioural changes eg, increase heart rate, rapid breathing
92
3 components of an emotional responses
behavioural (muscular changes) autonomic (flight or fight) hormonal (adrenaline)
93
part in brain responsible for emotions
amygdala
94
What does refractory period do
Encourage unidirectional flow of action potential and increase the likelihood of action potential
95
What is neural integration
Summation of excitatory and inhibitory inputs within a neuron
96
Bold refer to what in mri
Blood oxygenated level dependent
97
In the context of eeg what does high temporal resolution allowresearchers to do
Detect a very brief events in time
98
Where does neurogenesis occur
Hippocampus

psych 1 (4 decks)

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