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topic 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

what’s attention

A

ability to preferentially process some parts of a stimulus at the expense of processing other parts of the stimulus.

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2
Q

why do we need attention?

A

perceptual system has limited capacity.
can’t process everything at the same time.

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3
Q

difference between overt and covert attention

A

overt: looking directly at an object
covert: looking to one object but attending to another object.

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4
Q

how to monitor attention?

A

track eye movements

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5
Q

what do you call when eyes jump from point to point, and the rests between jumps

A

saccades, fixation

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6
Q

what directs our attention.

A

Initially, when a scene is first presented, your fixations are
captured by salient parts of the scene. Salience= quality of being noticeable,
This phenomenon is known as “attentional capture” and is
involuntary.
After the first few fixations, you can then direct your fixations according to your goals and expectations.
This process is voluntary.

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7
Q

what dictates the attentional capture

A

contrast of colours, luminance , sizes orientations and motion

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8
Q

3 effects of attention

A
  1. speeds responses
  2. influence appearance (higher contrast), make perception more vivid.
  3. influence physiological responding, neurons in brain responding more strongly.
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9
Q

what is the binding problem?

A

The issue of how an object’s individual features are combined (i.e. bound) to create a coherent perception is known as the binding problem.

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10
Q

what does Feature integration theory suggest about binding problem.

A

can be solved by attending features of only one location at a time.

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11
Q

what are illusory conjunctions

A

treisman and schmidt found that when only focus on one location, the others will be incorrectly combined together.

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12
Q

balint’s syndrome

A

damage to parietal lobe, can’t focus on one object when multiples are presented

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13
Q

what are two types of visual search?

A

a conjunction search to determine whether or not the attended object is the target by checking each object.= slow process because solve binding

a feature search= searching for unique feature= fast process

differences are conjunction requires binding to be solved, and feature doesn’t

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14
Q

what’s change blindness?

A

fail to notice a change in the environment because to brain focuses on the most important info and overlook less salient changes

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15
Q

how does motion transient prevent change blindness

A

because changes often create motion which make the location change obvious.

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16
Q

3 key difficulties that make object perception hard

A

-The stimulus on the retina is ambiguous, all objects can form same retinal image
-objects can be hidden or blurred
-objects look different from different viewpoints and in different poses

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17
Q

what is structuralism?

A

proposed by Edward Titchener, suggesting perception (conscious awareness) is the sum of elementary sensations and contains nothing that was not already present in these elementary sensations.

can only see what’s on the retina image.

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18
Q

what is gestaltism?

A

contradicts structuralism, claiming that conscious awareness can have a characteristics not present in any of the elementary sensations. PARTially hallucination,humans are able to perceive objects and scenes because of perceptual organisation.

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19
Q

2 evididence for gestaltism

A
  1. Apparent motion
  2. Illusory contours
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20
Q

how does apparent motion support gestaltism

A

hallucinate motion. eg two dots presented., and seeing 1 dot moving.
motion can be seen when there’s no motion in image

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21
Q

how does illusory contours support gestaltism.

A

we are consciously aware of something that doesn’t physically exist.
contours can be seen when there are no contours in the image.

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22
Q

what are grouping and segregation for gestaltism perceptual organisation

A

grouping= process by which parts of an image are bound to form perceptual whole eg seeing the wheels and handlebar= bike
segregation= parts of scene are perceptually separated to for separated wholes

together, they allow serene to perceptually organised into its constituent objects thereby allowing observers to make sense of the scene.

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23
Q

5 principles of grouping +2

A
  1. good continuation eg. a wire that is aligned = 1 object
  2. pragnanz , grouping to make resultant figure as simple as possible.
  3. similarity
  4. proximity, things that are closer tgt group tgt
  5. common fate , move together group together

add
common region,, draw circle around 2 dots= 1 group
uniform connectedness, eg line connecting two thing

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24
Q

how do you do segregation

A

separating background from figure.
ambiguous.
lower areas often perceived as figure. \

-figural properties eg. concavity
-experience

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25
what is gist perception
gist= overall impression rapid when image is shown for short amount of time.longer the time, the more detailed
26
4 figural cues/ properties
they are in front of the rest of the image they are at the bottom of the image they are convex they are recognisable
27
how long do you need for gist perception?
40 ms
28
how do we break camouflage, attract attention and segregate objects from the background
motion perception
29
how does motion help us interpret events
by seeing how objects interact, infer relationships between them. Revealling full story.
30
how does motion help us infer structure and shape.
kinetic depth effect, infer 3d shape
31
what is point-light walkers
put lights on a person's joints and have them perform action. demonstrate how motion perception can infer action.
32
condition that a person can no longer perceive motion but can see movement.
akinetopsia
33
example for illusory motion.
rotating snake illusion
34
rules for apparent motion. fail
. If the dots separation increases, alternation rate needs to decrease apparent motions are mostly insensitive to colour changes..
35
what is motion aftereffect?
the motion aftereffect is a visual illusion where, after viewing a moving stimulus, a stationary stimulus appears to move in the opposite direction.
36
what is induced motion?
a nearby object affects the perceived motion of second object/ caused a second object to appear to be moving eg. clouds moving makes you feel like the moon is moving
37
real motion
something actually moving
38
four functions of motion perception
break camouflage, attract attention and segregate objects from the background help us infer structure and shape. help us interpret events
39
how does motion induce blindness?
no explanation, motion makes it harder to notice colour changes. eg, you don't see colour changes when dots are moving because colour changes attract attention because of transient signals.
40
what does the footsteps illusion experiment tell us?
high contrast colour= speed up low contrast colour= slows down even though both blocks move in sync apparent contrast determines apparent speed.
41
what is aperture problem? and a relief example
ambiguity of direction of movement of a line if you can;t see the ends of it. (terminator) barber pole illusion
42
4 reasons why do humans need colour perception?
-to help search for things, -determine if fruit is ripe -judgement eg poisonous animals are often coloured - attract mates
43
visible light wavelengths
400-700 nm
44
what is an opaque object
an object that light cannot pass through, its colour is determined by the light it reflects
45
what does mixing red, green and blue light give
white light, because of the overlap of wavelengths
46
what are the 3 categories in colour munsell system
value (lightness), hue( colour) and chroma (saturation)
47
what are the 2 photoreceptors called
rods and cones
48
what do rods do
detect motion, only active at low light levels
49
what do cones do
give colour vision in normal light conditions .
50
why do we use red torch instead of white torch for camping
to keep night vision because rods are active in dark and are less sensitive to red
51
two types of colour deficiency
monochromatism and dichromatism
52
what does monochromatism suffer
no functioning cones, so only see shades of grey and sensitive to light
53
dichromatism
lacking one of three types of cones
54
protanopia
lack L cone , can't distinguish red and green, sees blue and yellow
55
deuteranopia
lack M cone, can't distinguish red and green, sees blue and yellow
56
tritanopia
lack s cones can't distinguish blue and green, sees blue and red
57
what does yellow light contain
red and green light mixed
58
is the colour we perceive only determined by the cones in retina
no. the signals from cones are processed by cortex where they are combined into 3 colour opponent channels
59
what are the 3 colour opponent channels that process signals from cones
red-green blue-yellow white-black
60
what are afterimages and and impossible colours psychophysical evidence of
existence of the opponent channels
61
how does afterimages work
eg. looking at red, L cones exited but then habituate(tired) and become less sensitive to the stimulus, this is why we see green on white page
62
how does Impossible colours support the existence of opponent process
we can't see bluish yellow or reddish green.
63
what does colour constancy suggest
a visual phenomenon where objects appear to maintain their color despite changes in illumination.
64
what is habituation
a form of non-associative learning . becoming less sensitive to certain colour , so we see true colours
65
two ways the visual system achieves colour constancy
habituation and discounting the illuminant
66
how do depth and size relate
how far an object is located affects how big an object looks. further away an object is, the smaller the retinal image is
67
what are the 3 cues we perceive depth
oculomotor cues, monocular cues and binocular cues.
68
oculomotor cues
cues based on our ability to sense the position and state of our eyes
69
monocular cues
cues based on visual info available within one eye
70
binocular cues
cues that depend on visual info within both eyes
71
what is binocular convergence
one of the oculomotor cues, put finger between eyes and eyes converge.
72
what is accomodation
one of the oculomotor cues, lens shape changes, thicker to see close objects
73
3 monocular cues
accomodation , pictorial cues,,movement-based cues
74
what are the 7 pictorial cue
occlusion relative height familiar and relative size perspective convergence atmospheric perspective texture gradient shadows
75
how is shadows a pictorial cue for depth
humans assume light comes from above
76
what are the movement-based cues
motion parallax, deletion and accretion
77
what is motion parallax
closer objects appears to move past quicker
78
what is deletion and accretion
closer moving object sometimes obscured further object
79
binocular disparity
left and right eye sees the world in slightly different view points
80
when we fixate on one object is itowards the centre or away from in the eye
towards centre
81
why doesn't the point of fixation alter relative disparity
because the separation between the retinal images of two objects stays the same no matter which objects was fixated on.
82
does point of fixation affects absolute disparity
yes, whichever object is fixated on has zero absolute disparity. because the fixated object falls on centres of retinas
83
what is disparity
difference in the retinal position in right eye minus that in the left eye.
84
what is a horopter
the plane containing all points that will fall on corresponding parts of the two retinas, therefore zero absolute disparity
85
what is the correspondence problem
figuring out which images in the left retinal image should be associated with which images in the right retinal image
86
what allows the correspondence problem to solve correctly
colour
87
angular size and the depth
the closer an object is, the larger its angular size
88
size constancy
phenomenon where an objects apparent size does not depend on its physical distance
89
how to achieve size constancy. give equation
observer needs to consider both the size of the retinal image and the distance of the object apparent size= k constant x ( size of retinal image x perceived distance to the object.)
90
how does size illusions work
cause people to mistake the distance to an to an object
91
what did solway and boring do
Investigated how amount of depth cues influence size judgement . found that without depth cues, we can't determine actual size.
92
define sound in the physical and psychological perceptual sense
physical= sound is pressure changes in the air or other medium perceptual= sound is the experience we have when we hear.
93
what is sound wave
longitudinal wave moving in regions of high and low pressure.
94
what is pure tone
when the change in air pressure occurs in a sine wave pattern
95
human hear frequency
20 -20000 Hz
96
what is complex tone
adding sine waves( pure tones) together
97
does the actual loudness depend on frequency, why
yes, if insensitive to frequency, need to increase actual amplitude in order to balance perceived loudness.
98
what are units for perceptually loudness (pure tones)
phons
99
pitch vs frequency
pitch = psychological quantity, frequency is physical quantity
100
why do we still perceive the fundamental frequency in the complex tone
because complex waves always repeat. at the fundamental frequency, they are just multiples
101
what determines the pitch of a complex tone
the missing fundamental
102
what is timbre
the difference in sound quality when the pitch didn't change, this is because of difference energy present in each harmonics
103
periods vs aperiodic sounds
periodic = wave repeat ( simple and complex) aperiodic = waveforms that don't repeat, (continuous and transient) eg gunshot
104
2 attributes of pitch
tone height (continuous increase of pitch from left to right on piano chroma eg( c1 and c2 on piano sound similar)
105
what cues are the auditory localisation based on
both binaural and monaural cues
106
describe 2 binaural cues
interaural time difference (eg left ear heras sound before right ear) intramural level difference (high frequency sounds have larger intramural level difference between two ears due to sound shadow caused by the head.
107
limit of binaural cues
cone of confusion any two points connected by circumference line on the surface of cone with have same time and level difference
108
monaural cue work how
sound bounces off diff parts of the Pinna of ear, helps detect elevation
109
what is the precedence effect
we don;t hear echo normally ( indirect sound) because the temporal will not register the second sound if same sound has temporal separation of 5-20 ms
110
4 factors that determine the quality of architectectural acoustics
reverberation time intimacy time bass ratio spaciousness factor
111
what is the reverberation time
time it takes for sound to decrease by 60 dB. concert hal= 2 secs opera hall= 1.5 secs
112
what is base ratio. what is ideal
ratio of low frequencies to middle frequencies for an indirect sound. ideal= high , more low and middle frequencies
113
what is spaciousness factor and what is ideal
the ratio of indirect sound to Total sound ideally want high ratio, more indirect sound
114
what is the intimacy time
temporal difference between when the direct sound arrives and the first indirect sound arrives . concert halls - 20ms
115
how do we seperate sound sources, 5 cues
location onset time timbre and pitch auditory continuity experience
116
what is auditory continuity
tones operated by silent gaps = distinct , tones separated by noise = continuous)

psych 1 (4 decks)

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