Topic 2 - Bonding Structure and Properties of Matter

Question 1

What do atoms need to be stable?

Answer 1

A full outer shell.

Question 2

How is an ionic bond formed?

Answer 2

The force of attraction between oppositely charged ions.

Question 3

Oppositely charged ions attract each other.

This is called…

Answer 3

an electrostatic force.
This same force is also what attracts protons to electrons within atoms and ions.

Question 4

What charges do metal ions normally have?

Answer 4

Positive

Question 5

What charges do non-metal ions normally have?

Answer 5

Negative

Question 6

Ions are attracted to other ions with the opposite charge, due to…

Answer 6

electrostatic forces

Question 7

Ionic structures involve many ions bonded together via…

Answer 7

ionic bonds

Question 8

The solid arranges itself into a regular 3D structure known as a…

Answer 8

lattice

Question 9

What three properties do ionic compounds have:

Answer 9

• High melting and boiling points
• High strength bonds
• Conduct electricity when liquid

Question 10

What’s the formula for hydroxide ions?

Answer 10

OH-

Question 11

What’s the formula for sulphate ions?

Answer 11

SO4^2-

Question 12

What’s the formula for nitrate ions?

Answer 12

NO3-

Question 13

What’s the formula for carbonate ions?

Answer 13

CO3^2-

Question 14

What’s the formula for ammonium ions?

Answer 14

NH4+

Question 15

What does the molecular formula of a substance show?

Answer 15

The molecular formula of a substance shows the actual number of atoms of each element present in a compound or molecule.

Question 16

What does the empirical formula of a substance show?

Answer 16

The empirical formula of a substance is the simplest, whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound. This means that it doesn’t tell you exactly how many atoms there are, just the ratio of the atoms of each element.

Question 17

In covalent bonding, are electrons transferred between atoms, or shared between atoms?

Answer 17

Shared

Question 18

A simple molecule has…

Answer 18

multiple atoms covalently bonded together. These covalent bonds between atoms are very strong.

Question 19

The forces of attraction between separate molecules are…

Answer 19

weak, and so simple molecules are easily separated from each other.

Question 20

Covalent substances that only contain a few atoms are called…

Answer 20

simple molecular substances.

Question 21

On the other hand, covalent substances with millions of atoms are called…

Answer 21

giant covalent structures.

Question 22

In simple molecular substances, the individual molecules are held together by…

Answer 22

intermolecular forces that exist between the molecules.

Question 23

The intermolecular forces in covalent substances are weak and so don’t require very much energy to break. How does this affect the state of it?

Answer 23

This means that they can be broken at relatively low temperatures. As a result most simple molecular substances exist in the gaseous state at room temperature.

Question 24

What are four properties of simple molecular substances?

Answer 24

• Low melting and boiling points
• Unable to conduct electricity
• Strong covalent bonds between the atoms of each molecule
• Weak intermolecular forces between molecules

Question 25

What type of structure are diamond and graphite?

Answer 25

Giant covalent structures.

Question 26

How are diamond and graphite's atoms arranged?

Answer 26

In regular repeating lattice structure with many multiple covalent bonds between each atom.

Question 27

Why do giant covalent structures have high melting points?

Answer 27

The atoms are all held together by strong covalent bonds which require a large amount of energy to break.

Question 28

What are four properties of giant covalent structures?

Answer 28

1. Every atom is connected by strong covalent bonds 2. No weak intermolecular forces as there is only one structure 3. High melting and boiling points 4. Cannot conduct electricity (except graphite)

Question 29

The properties of diamond.

Answer 29

- High melting and boiling point - Strong - Doesn't conduct electricity

Question 30

What are allotropes?

Answer 30

Two substances made from the same element, that are in the same physical state, but that have different structures.

Question 31

What are fullerenes?

Answer 31

Graphene can be found naturally within graphite. The sheets can be folded into two types of 3D structure: tubes and spheres, which are known as fullerenes.

Question 32

What are two applications of fullerenes in industry:

Answer 32

- Delivery of medicines around the body - Catalysts in chemical reactions

Question 33

What makes fullerenes so useful as catalysts in the chemical industry?

Answer 33

The high surface area to volume ration.

Question 34

Which feature of carbon nanotubes makes them useful in tennis racket frames?

Answer 34

Their high strength to weight ratio.

Question 35

What is ionic bonding?

Answer 35

Metals can bind to non-metals via ionic bonding, whereby particles with opposite charges are attracted to each other.

Question 36

What is covalent bonding?

Answer 36

Non-metals can bind to other non-metals via covalent bonding, whereby electrons are shared.

Question 37

What is metallic bonding?

Answer 37

Metal atoms can bind to other metals using metallic bonding.

Question 38

Metals are malleable. What does this mean?

Answer 38

They can be bent or hammered into shape

Question 39

What is an alloy?

Answer 39

A metal combined with one or more other elements

Question 40

Alloys tend to have a higher strength than pure metals. Why is this?

Answer 40

This is because the atoms/ions of the different elements are different sizes, which disrupts the regular layered structure and so means the layers can no longer slide over one another.

Question 41

Which theory attempts to explain the three states of matter?

Answer 41

Particle (kinetic) theory

Question 42

The particle model (sometimes also called the kinetic model) has 3 main assumptions. These are that the particles are:

Answer 42

Small Inelastic Spheres

Question 43

What size of particles are considered nanoparticles?

Answer 43

1nm - 100nm

Question 44

What makes nanoparticles very good in catalysts in chemical reactions?

Answer 44

The very high surface area to volume ratio.

Question 45

Nanoparticles containing the element silver are known to have ... This means we can insert them into ...

Answer 45

anti-bacterial properties. This means we can insert them into surgical masks or wound dressings, to reduce the risk of infections.

Question 46

What are the potential harmful effects of sun creams that contain nanoparticles:

Answer 46

- They may enter cells and cause damage to our DNA - They may cause harm to oceanic environments