Topic 2 - Bonding, structure and properties of Matter

Question 1

FORMATION OF IONS:
How are ions made?

Answer 1

when electrons are transferred

Question 2

FORMATION OF IONS:
What are ions?

Answer 2

ions are charged particles - they can be single atoms or groups of atoms

Question 3

FORMATION OF IONS:
Why do atoms form ions?

Answer 3

atoms lose or gain electrons to get a full outer shell / stable electronic structure
atoms with full outer shells are very stable

Question 4

FORMATION OF IONS:
What happens when metal ions form?

Answer 4

they lose electrons from their outer shell to form positive ions

Question 5

FORMATION OF IONS:
What happens when non-metal ions form?

Answer 5

they gain electrons into their outer shell to form negative ions

Question 6

FORMATION OF IONS:
How do you figure out the charge of an ion?

Answer 6

using the number of electrons lost or gained:
- if two electrons are lost the charge is 2+
- if 3 electrons are gained the charge is 3-

Question 7

FORMATION OF IONS:
What is the charge on a ion if 2 electrons are lost?

Answer 7

2+

Question 8

FORMATION OF IONS:
What is the charge on an ion if 3 electrons are gained?

Answer 8

3-

Question 9

FORMATION OF IONS:
Elements from which groups are most likely to form ions?

Answer 9

1, 2, 6 and 7

Question 10

FORMATION OF IONS:
How do group 1 and 2 elements react?

Answer 10

they are metals and they lose electrons to form positive ions (cations)

Question 11

FORMATION OF IONS:
How do group 6 and 7 elements react?

Answer 11

they are non-metals and gain electrons to form negative ions (anions)

Question 12

FORMATION OF IONS:
What can positive ions be called?

Answer 12

cations

Question 13

FORMATION OF IONS:
What can negative ions be called

Answer 13

anions

Question 14

FORMATION OF IONS:
What is the charge on an ion formed from a group 1 element?

Answer 14

1+

Question 15

FORMATION OF IONS:
What is the charge on an ion formed from a group 2 element?

Answer 15

2+

Question 16

FORMATION OF IONS:
What is the charge on an ion formed from a group 6 element?

Answer 16

2-

Question 17

FORMATION OF IONS:
What is the charge on an ion formed from a group 7 element?

Answer 17

1-

Question 18

IONIC BONDING:
What happens during ionic bonding?

Answer 18

Transfer of electrons:
When a metal and non metal react together..
- the metal atom loses electrons to form a positively charged ion
- the non-metal gains these electrons to form a negatively charged ion
- the oppositely charged ions are strongly attracted to each other by electrostatic forces
- this attraction is called an ionic bond

Question 19

IONIC BONDING:
What do dot and cross diagrams not show?

Answer 19

• the structure of the compound
• the size of the ions ot how they are arranged

Question 20

IONIC COMPOUNDS:
What is the structure of an ionic compound called?

Answer 20

a giant ionic lattice

Question 21

IONIC COMPOUNDS:
Decribe the structure of a giant ionic lattice?

Answer 21

• the ions form a tightly packed regular lattice arrangement
• there are very strong electrostatic forces of attraction betweenoppositely charged ions (the ionic bonds) in all directions is the lattice

Question 22

IONIC COMPOUNDS:
What are the melting and boiling points like of ionic compounds? Why?

Answer 22

• they all have high melting and boiling points
• due to the many strong bonds between the ions
• it takes a lot of energy to overcome this attraction

Question 23

IONIC COMPOUNDS:
When will ionic compounds carry electric charge?

Answer 23

• when they’re solid, the ions are held in place, so the compounds can’t conduct electricity
• When ionic compounds melt, the ions are free to move and they’ll carry electric charge
• some ionic compounds dissolve in water, the ions separate and are all free to move in the solution, so they’ll carry electric charge

Question 24

COVALENT BONDING:
What type of atoms bond covalently, what happens to the electrons in covalent bonding?

Answer 24

When non-metal atoms bond together, they share pairs of electrons to make covalent bonds

Question 25

COVALENT BONDING: Are covalent bonds strong?Why?

Answer 25

- covalent bonds are very strong - the positively charged nuclei of the bonded atoms are attracted to the shared pair of electrons by electrostatic forces

Question 26

COVALENT BONDING: On which shells do atoms share electrons?

Answer 26

atoms only share electrons in their outer shells (highest energy levels)

Question 27

COVALENT BONDING: What does each covalent bond provide for the atoms in term of electrons?

Answer 27

each single covalent bond provides one extra shared electron for each atom

Question 28

COVALENT BONDING: What amount of covalent bonds do atoms tend to make? Why?

Answer 28

- each atom involved usually makes enough covalent bonds to fill up its outer shell - this gives them the electronic structure of a nobe gas (which is very stable)

Question 29

COVALENT BONDING: In what two circumstances does covalent bonding occur?

Answer 29

- in compounds of non-metals - non- metal elements

Question 30

COVALENT BONDING: What do dot and cross diagrams show and not show?

Answer 30

- they show which atoms on the electrons in the covalent bond come from - they don't show the relative sizes of the atoms - they don't show how the atoms are arranged in space