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Biology > Topic 2 - Cell Organisation > Flashcards

Topic 2 - Cell Organisation Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

Explain cell organisation

A

Cell to tissue to organ to organ system

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2
Q

What is a cell?

A

Basic building blocks of everything

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3
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group of similar cells that work together to carry out a function

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4
Q

What is an organ?

A

A group of tissues that work together to perform a certain function

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5
Q

What is an organ system?

A

A group of organs working together to perform a particular function

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6
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions

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7
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

A substance which speeds up a chemical reaction without being used up or changed in the reaction

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8
Q

What is the ‘lock and key’ model of enzymes?

A

When a substrate fits perfectly into the enzymes active site

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9
Q

What enzyme breaks down carbohydrates?

A

Amylase

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10
Q

What do carbohydrates break down into?

A

Sugars

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11
Q

Where is amylase made?

A

Salivary glands, pancreas, small intestine

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12
Q

What breaks down protein?

A

Protease

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13
Q

What does protein break down into?

A

Amino acids

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14
Q

Where is protease made?

A

Stomach, pancreas, small intestine

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15
Q

What breaks down fats?

A

Lipase

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16
Q

What does fat break down into?

A

Glycerol and fatty acids

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17
Q

Where is lipase made?

A

Pancreas and small intestine

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18
Q

What does bile do?

A

Neutralises the PH in the stomach and breaks down fat

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19
Q

Where is bile made and stored?

A

Made in the liver, stored in the gall bladder

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20
Q

Explain the structure of the lungs

A

The trachea breaks into 2 bronchi which split off into multiple bronchioles which have alveoli on the ends

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21
Q

What are alveoli?

A

There are millions in the lungs, they are coated in capillaries and carry out gas exchange

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22
Q

Explain the job of alveoli

A

They diffuse oxygen into the blood stream and carbon dioxide out through the network of capillaries around them

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23
Q

Explain the circulatory system

A

It is a double circulatory system - two circuits joined together, one from the heart to the lungs, the other from the heart to the rest of the body

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24
Q

Explain the right side of the heart

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A

Deoxygenated Blood into the vena cava vein, into the right atrium and right ventricle, out through the pulmonary artery, going to the lungs

25
Explain the left side of the heart
Oxygenated Blood in through the pulmonary artery, through the left atrium and left ventricle, out through the aorta artery, to the rest of the body
26
What is an artery?
A blood vessel that carries blood away from the body
27
What is a vein?
A blood vessel that carries blood to the heart
28
What is a capillary?
Blood vessels involved in the exchange of materials
29
What are the key features of arteries?
- Their walls are strong and thick - they have a small lumen - the walls are elasticated and made of muscle due to the high pressure of blood flowing
30
What are the key features of capillaries?
- they are tiny - they carry blood very close to cells - they have permeable walls for diffusion - their walls are one cell thick
31
What are the key features of veins?
- blood flows at lower pressure so the walls aren't thick - they have big lumen to help blood flow - they have valves to keep blood flowing in the right direction
32
What do red blood cells do?
They carry oxygen from the lungs to cells in the body
33
What are the key features of red blood cells?
- biconcave shape, large surface area - no nucleus, more oxygen can be absorbed - red pigment called haemoglobin
34
What do white blood cells do?
They defend against infection
35
What does the Phagocyte WBC do?
They engulf unwanted microbes
36
What does the Lymphocyte WBC do?
They let off antibodies which attach to the microbes antigens and kill it
37
What are platelets?
Small fragments of cells which help blood clot
38
Why are platelets important?
- stop blood pouring out | - stop microbes entering the body
39
What is plasma?
The liquid that carries everything in your blood
40
What is coronary heart disease?
When fatty deposits block arteries, can lead to heart attacks
41
What is cholesterol?
An essential lipid that your body produces and needs to function, too much of a bad one can be harmful
42
What is a communicable disease?
A disease that can be spread from person to person
43
What is a non communicable disease?
A disease that can't be spread from person to person
44
What is a risk factor?
Things that are linked to increasing the likelihood of a person developing a disease
45
What is cancer?
The uncontrollable growth and division of cells
46
What is a benign tumour?
A NON CANCEROUS tumour
47
What is a malignant tumour?
A CANCEROUS tumour that can spread to other parts of the body
48
What are the risk factors for cancer?
- smoking - obesity - UV exposure - viral infection
49
What is an epidermal tissue?
- A tissue within a leaf - covers the whole plant - lower one is covered in a waxy cuticle to stop water loss - upper one is transparent so light can pass through to palisade cells
50
What is palisade mesophyll tissue?
- the part of the lead where photosynthesis happens - contains lots of chloroplast - near the top so light can be absorbed
51
What is xylem?
- "veins" that carry water around the plant - made from dead cells - process is called transpiration
52
What is phloem?
- "veins" that transport food in plants | - process is called translocation
53
How does light intensity affect the rate of transpiration?
- stomata close when it's dark because photosynthesis can't happen - when closed, very little water escapes
54
How does temperature affect the rate of transportation?
-when it's warmer the water particles have more energy to diffuse in and out of the stomata
55
How does air flow effect the rate of transpiration?
- if there is a good air flow, water vapour is swept away - meaning there is a Lower concentration of water in the air - meaning water can diffuse out easily
56
How does humidity affect the rate of transpiration?
- the drier the air, the less water vapour in the air | - making it easier for water to diffuse out
57
Where are stomata found?
On the bottom of leaves
58
What is a guard cell?
Controls the opening and closing of the stomata

Biology (4 decks)

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