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Biology > Topic 2 - Cells and Controll > Flashcards

Topic 2 - Cells and Controll Flashcards

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1
Q

What makes up the central nervous system?

A

The brain and the spinal chord

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2
Q

What is the spinal chord?

A

a long column of neurones that run from the base of the brain down the spine. ar several places down the chord, neurons branch off and connect with other parts of the body

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3
Q

What does the spinal chord do?

A

relays information between the brain and the rest of the body

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4
Q

What are neurons?

A

Nerve cells

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5
Q

WHat is the brain made up of?

A

Billions of interconnected neurons§

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6
Q

What is the cerebrum?

A

The largest part of the brain, its divided into two halfs callled cerebral hemishperes
The right hemishpere controlls the muscles on the left side and vice versa.
Different parts of the cerebrum are responsible for different things liek movement, intelligence, memory, language and vision

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7
Q

Cerebellum

A

Responsible for muscle coordination and balance

Back fo the head

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8
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

controlls unconcious activities like breathing or heart rate

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9
Q

What are scanners used for?

A

To investigate brain function
to otherwise investigate it, youd have to cut into the brain wich is pretty risky ngl

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10
Q

A CT scanner

A

A CT scanner uses X-rays to produce and image of the brain.
A CT scan can show the main structures in the brain, but not the functions of them

if the CT shows a diseased/damaged brain with loss of function it can be

worked out.

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11
Q

PET scans

A

Fancier than Ct scans, they use radioactive chemicals to show which parts of the brain are active when the person is isnsdie the scanner

PET s are very detailed and can be used to investagate both the sturcture and the function of the brain in real time

Can show if the brain is unsusually incacitve or active

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12
Q

Why are problems In the CNS hard to treat?

A

Its hard to repair damages
Uneasy acces to repair things
Treating problems may lead to permanent damage

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13
Q

What do receptor cells do?

A

detect stimuli

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14
Q

What is a transmittion of neurones called?

A

A neurotransmittion

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15
Q

What is a sensory neurons function?

A

To carry impulses from the receptor cells to the CNS

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16
Q

How do sensory Neurons work?

A

a receptor cell impulse passes into a tiny branch called a dendrite, it is then passed along the dendron( receives) and the axon(sends out). A series of axon terminals allow impulses to be transmitted to other neurons

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17
Q

Why are Dendrons and axons long?

A

To allow fast transmittion over long distances

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18
Q

MYlein sheath

A

Electrically insulates a neuron from neighbouring neurones

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19
Q

Where are the receptor cells found in the eye?

A

in the retina

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20
Q

Cones

A

The receptor cells sensitive to the color of light, some detect red light, whilst some green or blue
Cones genrate impulses in sensory neurons, Which lead into the brain through the optic nerve, this infor is then tranferred into full color vision at the back of the cerebral hemispheres

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21
Q

Rods

A

receptor cells that detect light intensity, not color

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22
Q

Why is your vision less colorfull in dim ligth?

A

rods work well in dim light but cones dont

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23
Q

Pupil

A

dark area in the centre of the eye
where the light enters

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24
Q

Iris

Colored part of eye

A

Can constrict the pupil or dilate it to control the light going in for strong light levels can damage the retina

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25
What do the cilary muscles do?
alter the shape of the lens, make it fatter or thinnner to focus the light
26
Cornea
Clear, colorless covering that focuses light rays, bringing them together
27
Lens
Fine tunes focusing after cornea
28
Short sighted people
Light focuses infront of the retina - long eye or curved cornea Needs a Diverging lens
29
Long sighted People
Light focuses behind of the retina - short eye or flat cornea Needs a converging lens
30
Cataract
when protein builds up in the lens and makes it cloudy
31
Color blindness
Faulty cones
32
Effectors
The part of the body that carries out the action
33
Motor neurons
a type neuron that carries impulses to efffectors
34
Relay neurons
a type of neuron that links neurons together | fund in the spinal chord
35
Neuro transmitter
the substance that is released at the synapse
36
Reflex
an automatic response to a stimulus
37
Reflex arc
The pathway taken by impulses ina reflex reaction Made of 3 neurones: sensory relay Motion
38
Chromosomes
Coiled up lengths of DNA, contains Genetic info
39
What is Mitosis?
when a cell divides to make two identical daughter cells to the original parent cell. Both new cells contain the same number of chromosomes as the original.
40
What is the Cell Cycle's purpose?
To make new cells for growth and repair
41
What 3 processes do plants and animals grow and repair due to?
Cell Differentiation Cell Division Cell Elongation
42
Cell differentiation
The process by which a cell differentiates for its job. Having specialised cells allows multi cellular organisms to work more effeciently
43
Cell Division
Mitosis
44
Cell elongation
Where a plant cell expands, making the cell bigger and so making the plant grow
45
What does all growth in animals happen by?
Cell division. Animals grow when their young, reach full growth, then stop growing, so when they are young, cell division happens at a fast rate but once your an aduly most cell division is for repair - cells divide to replace old or damaged cells. | This means in most animals, cell division is lost at an early stage
46
how do plant cells grow in height?
By elongation
47
Where does cell division happen in plants
The tips of roots and shoots
48
Do plants and animals grow differently?
Animals stop growing at a young age. Plants often grow continuously - old trees, new spouts | so plants continue to differentiate and develop new parts
49
what is a tumor?
a mass of abnormal cells
50
What is cancer?
a tumor that invades and destroys surrounding tissue
51
How are tumors created?
The rate at which cells divide by mitosis is controlled by genes in DNA. If there is a change in one of these genes, cells may start dividing uncontrollably. This can result in a tumor
52
What are percentile charts used for?
To mesure growth
53
Why are percentile charts usefull
to mesure overall growth in development so any conditions like obesity, malnourishment and dwarfism can e detected
54
what are Stem Cells?
Un-differentiated cells. These are really important for the growth and development of organisms. They can also be used in medicine | Stem cells divide by mitosis, the can differentiate
55
Embryotic stem cells
These are found in early human embryos. These have the potential to divide and differentiate into any kind of cell.
56
Why can Embryotic cells differentiate into any type of cell?
The Embryos have to eventually for into full humans with every type of cell, therefore the cells in embryos have to be able to differentaite into any cell
57
Adult Stem cells
Only found in specific places - Bone Marrow. These can only differentiate into certain cells. These are used to replace damaged cells
58
Meristems
Where Stem Cells are found in plants. Meristems produce unspecialised cells that act like embryotic cells, but can always divide into any cell, as long as the plant lives
59
Where are meristems found?
Meristem tissue is found in the parts of pplants that are *growing* - The tips or roots and shoots
60
What are some examples of ways Stem cells can be used for medicine?
Sickle cell anemia - bone marrow transplant Extracting embryotic cells from very early embryos and growing them Using Stem cell Transplants to repair someone who was been damaged by a disease or injury. E.g. new cardiac muscles could be transferred into someone with heart disease
61
What are the 3 potential risks when researching stem cells?
Tumor Development Disease Transmittion Rejection
62
Tumor Devlopment
Stem cells divide. If scientists are unable to controll the rate at whch the transplanted cels divide in a patient, this could create
63
Disease Transmittion
Viruses live inside cells. If Donor stem cells are infcted with a virus and this isnt picked up, the virus could be passed onto the recipient and make them sicker
64
Rejection
If the transplanted cells arent grown using the patients own cells, the patients body may reconise the cells as foreign and trigger an immune response to try and get rid of them. The patient can take drugs to try and supress this response, but it makes them suceptible to disease.
65
Stem Cell research Ethical issues
- embryos shouldnt be used for experiments because each one is a potetial life - Aim of curing patients who are suffering is more important than the potential life of emryos.
66
Sensory receptors
Groups of cells that can detect a stimulus
67
What happens when a stimulus is detected by a receptor?
The information is converted to a nervous ( electrical ) impulse and sent along sensory neurons to the CNS The CNS coordinated a response, The impulses travel throughout the CNS by relay neurons. The CNS sends a response to an effector ( muscle ) by motor neurons
68
reaction time
The time it takes you to respond to a stimulus
69
Dendrites/ Dendrons
carry nerve impulses towards the cell body
70
Axons
carry nerve impules away from the cell body
71
Myelin sheath
Surrounds axons, acts as an electrical insulator
72
Sensory Neuron structure
one long dendron carries nerve impulses from receptor cells to the cell body, which is located in the middle of the neuron . One short axon carries impules from the cell body to the CNS
73
Motor neuron Structure
many short dendrites carrs nerve impules to the cell body one long axon carries nerve impulses to the effector
74
Relay Neuron Structure
many short dendrites carry nerve impulse from sensory neurons to the cell body An axon carries nerve impulses from the cell body to the motor neurons
75
Synapses
the connection between 2 neurons The nerve signal is transferred by chemicals called neurotransmitters, which diffuse across the gap The neurotansmitters then set off a new electrical signal in the next neurone The transmittion of a nerve impulse is very fast, but is slowed down at the synapse because the diffusiontakes time
76
Reflexes
automatic, rapid responses to stimuli - they can reduce the changes of being injured

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