Topic 3 - Genetics Flashcards
What is sexual reproduction
Genetic information from two organisms ( a father and mother ) is combined to produce offspring genetically different to either parent
In sexual reproduction the parent produce gametes. In Animals this is sperm and egg cells
Gametes
The reproductive cells of a plant or animal. These are HAPLOID ( only 1 set of chromosomes )
Zygote
At fertilisation, the male gamete fuses with the female gamete to produce a ferilised egg called a ZYGOTE. This has the full set of chromosomes - DIPLOID
How does a zygote develop into an embryo?
It undergoes cell division by mitosis.
This embryo inherits characteristics from both parents, as it has recieved a mixture of chromosomes
How are gametes produced?
By meiosis
Meiosis vs mitosis
Mitosis produces clones. - Diploid
Meiosis doesnt produce identical cells - Haploid
Where does meiosis happen in the body?
In the reproductive organs
How does the FIRST DIVISION of meiosis
- before the cell divides, it duplicates its DNA
- The chromosoes line up in pairs at the centre of the cell - one of the pair from the organisms mum, one from their dad
- The pairs are then pulled apart, so each one only has 1 copy of each chromosome - some of the mum nad some of the dads chromosomes go into each cell
Each new cell with have a mixture of the mothers and the fathers chromos
Creates Genetic variation
How does the SECOND DIVISION of meiosis
- The chromosomes line up in the centre again, but ovbi not in pairs dun
- The chromatids of the chromosomes are pulled apart
- This creates 4 Haploid daughter cells - these are the Gametes
The gametes are all genetically different
What are the ADVANTAGES of ASEXUAL reproduction
- can produce lots of offspring very quickly - This allows organisms to colonise a new area very quickly
-One parent is needed - Organisms can produce whenever conditions are favourable, without having to wait for a mate
What are the DISADVANTAGES of ASEXUAL reproduction
- there is no genetic variation in the population
- ## Suceptable to environment changes, they cannot adapt
What are the ADVANTAGES of SEXUAL reproduction
- Creates Genetic variation
- Not suceptable to environment changes - adaptability
- Natural selection and evolution makes these always better suited to their environment conditions
What are the DISADVANTAGES of SEXUAL reproduction
- Takes more time and energy than Asexual reproduction, organisms produce less offspring in their life
- Two parents are needed, a problem is an organism is isolated.
What is a DNA strand made of?
Dna is a polymer made up of Nucleotides
What does each nucleotide in a DNA consist of?
A sugar, a phosphate group and one base
What do the Sugar and phosphate group form in DNA?
The strands, the sugar and phosphate group alternate