Topic 2: Cells and Tissues of Immune System Flashcards
(157 cards)
1
Q
what halts the infection
A
innate immunity
2
Q
immune response clears infection
A
adaptive immunity
3
Q
which immunity have memory
A
adaptive immunity
4
Q
innate immunity occurs rapidly or slowly
A
rapidly
5
Q
which immunity occur first
A
innate immunity
6
Q
how long innate immunity take place
A
1-6 hours
7
Q
how long adaptive immunity take place
A
1-5 days
8
Q
cells that involve in innate respone
A
several cells
9
Q
cells that involve in adaptive responce
A
lymphocytes
10
Q
what happens to organs in primary immune respone
A
lymphocytes develop and mature
11
Q
what happens to organ in secondary immune respone
A
mature lymphocytes interact with antigen presenting cells to initiate specific immune response
12
Q
blood definition
A
fluid consisting of FORMED ELEMENTS and PLASMA
13
Q
where blood produced
A
bone marrow
14
Q
the volume of blood for individual with 154 pounds of weight
A
5 litres
15
Q
percentage of red blood cell
A
45%
16
Q
function of blood
A
transportation
- transporting respirotary gasses co2 and o2
- transporting chemicals eg found in food, hormones and salt
- transporting cells that protect the body frim foreign substances
17
Q
how hemoglobin is formed
A
oxygen binds to heme on hemoglobin molecule
18
Q
blood plasma definition
A
the fluid part of the blood
19
Q
warna blood plasma
A
clear or straw-coloured
20
Q
percentage of blood plasma in blood
A
55%
21
Q
blood plasma consists of
A
mostly water and proteins : albumin, globulin, fibrinogen, prothrombin
22
Q
the formed elements found in blood
A
erythrocytes
leukocytes
thrombocytes
23
Q
what is erythrocytes
A
red blood cells formed in bone marrow
24
Q
function of red blood cells
A
carry o2 and co2
25
what is thrombocytes
platelets
26
size of thrombocytes
half the size of erythrocytes
27
function of thrombocytes
play important role in the clotting of blood
28
what is leukocytes
white blood cells
29
leukocytes function
defense against pathogen
30
how does leukocytes kill pathogen
move through cell walls to areas of infection and destroying the pathogen
31
how many types of leukocytes
2
- granular
- agranular
32
granular leukocytes
CYTES
- monocytes
- lymphocytes
33
agranular leukocytes
PHILS
- neutrophils
- basophils
- eosinophils
34
types of lymphocytes
- t cell
- b cell
- nk cell
35
what is neutrophil count
number of wbc that are aren’t busy elsewhere and are available to fight infection
36
blood groups
a
b
ab
o
37
a blood type antibody and antigen
antibody- anti b
| antigen - a antigen
38
b blood type antibody and antigen
antibody - anti a
| antigen - b antigen
39
ab blood type antibody and antigen
antibody - no antibody
| antigen - both a and b antigen
40
o blood type antibody and antigen
antibody- both anti a and anti b
| antigen - no antigen
41
percentage of a blood type
41%
42
percentage of b blood type
10%
43
percentage of ab blood type
4%
44
percentage of o blood type
45%
45
rh factor definition
the presence or absence of agglutinogen in the red blood cells
46
if there is agglutionogen
rh positive
47
mix rh positive and negative
agglutination (clumping of blood). can be life threatening especially if happens more than once
48
how to make sure blood transfusions are successful
blood is typed : a b ab o
blood from recipient and donor are cross-matched
observe if there is any sign of agglutination
49
what is lymph
clear, nearly colourless alkaline fluid that occupies the space between all cells of body
50
term for lymph
interstitial fluid
51
percentage of water in interstitial fluid
95%
52
movement of lymph
seeps in and through the capillaries
53
lymphatic system is connected to
circulatory system
54
lymphatic system consists of
capillaries, vessels, ducts, nodes
55
function of lymphatic system
transport lymph one way back to bloodstream
56
is there pump in lymphatic system
no pump
57
how lymph moves (via?)
via skeletal muscles action, respiratory movement, contraction of smooth muscle in cell walls
58
state primary functions of lymphatic system
1. transport proteins and fluids that are lost by capillary seepage, back to the bloodstream
2. participate in body immune response
3. absorption of fats from the small intestine into the bloodstream
59
lymph nodes function
- filter, slowing down and cleaning the lymph before returning to blood
- trap. sometimes become swollen w bacteria that invaded the body and wbc that fight the bacteria
60
lymphatic system and cancer
play important role in the development and spread of cancer
61
cancer that starts in lymph nodes
lymphoma
62
metastic cancer
when cancer break off a tumor and spread into the lymph nodes
63
if cancer cells found in node,
they have spread away from tumor
64
accessory organs of lymphatic system
spleen
tonsils
thymus gland
65
what is spleen
soft, dark purple organ found in the upper left portion of abdomen and surrounded by blood and lymph vessels
66
spleen function (red pulp)
removes old erythrocytes from the blood supply
67
spleen function (white pulp)
removes, stores and produces lymphocytes
68
surgery to remove spleen
splenectomy
69
if spleen is removed who takes the function of the spleen
liver
70
what happens to individuals that undergo splenectomy
higher susceptibility to infections due to the lost of inmune function
71
where tonsils located
in masses of tissues at the back of the throat
72
function of tonsils
filter bacteria and produce white blood cells
73
situation where tonsils can be removed
if it enlarge and become obstruction or chronically inflamed
74
thymus gland often considered as part of endocrine system but actually is a part of
lymphatic system
75
why thymus gland part of lymphatic system
due to its appearance and function
76
thymus gland function
manufacturers specific type of the infection-fighting lymphocyte- t cell
77
granulocytes
PHILS
neutrophils
basophils
eosinophils
78
non granulocytes
CYTES
monocytes
lymphocytes
79
where do the cells of immune system come from
arise from pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) through 2 main lines of differentiation
- myeloid lineage
- lymphoid lineage
80
myeloid lineage produce
phagocytes
81
lymphoid lineage produces
lymphocytes
82
what hsc give rise to
progenitors - second generation stem cells
83
homosiderin
protein that stores iron in body, derived chiefly from the hemoglobin during hemolysis
84
granulocyte-monocyte progenitor give rise to
1. monocyte -> macrophage
| 2. neutrophils
85
platelets progenitor
megakaryocyte
86
erythroid progenitor
give rise to erythrocytes
87
t cell progenitor give rise to
- Th helper t cell
| - Tc cytotoxic t cell
88
b cell progenitor give rise to
b cell
89
granulocytes funtion
- first line of immune response (part if innate immune response)
- participate in the effector phase of the immune response (also called as inflammatory cells)
90
granulocytes identified by
characteristic staining patterns of granules
91
granules
released in contact with pathogen
| proteins
92
granules fx
killing, regulation of other cells, tissue remodelling
93
granulocytes nuclei shape
multi-lobed nuclei
94
neutrophils fx
one of the main effector cell in innate immune system
first responders motile and phagocytic
extracellular trap
95
percentage of neutrophils
50-70% of wbc
96
neutrophils respond within
24 hours of stimulus
97
what is leukocytosis
high wbc count; more white blood cells than normal
98
what happens to neutrophils during infection
number and recruitment increase - leukocytosis diagnosis
99
main cellular component of pus
neutrophils
100
neutrophils named based on
stauning qualities of granules
101
PMN
polymorphonuclear - type of wbc including neu eo basophil
102
neutrophillic granules stain what colour
lightly blue to pink
103
neutrophils released from
bone marrow
104
neutrophils circulate for
7-10 hours
105
neutrophils only live for
few days
106
percentage of basophil in leukocytes
<1%
107
basophil is phagocytic . true of false
false
108
nucleus obscured by
coarse blue (haematoxylin and eosin) granules
109
basiphil functions
- important in some allergy response
- critcal to response to parasites
- bind circulation antibidies and release histamine causes increase in blood vessel permeability
- circulating counterparts of tissue mast cells
- receptor for IgE
110
mast cell
related to basophil
111
leave bone marrow undefferentiated and mature in tissue; release of histamine
mast cell
112
eosinophils nuclei
bi-lobed nuclei
113
eosinophils characteristics
motile, phagocytic
114
eosinophils functions
- killing antibody coated parasites
| - degranulation of substances that kill parasites and worms
115
myeloid antigen presenting cell:
monocytes macrophages dendritic cells
116
myeloid antigen presenting cells is phagocytic true or false
true
117
myeloid antigen presenting cells fx
- ingest, digest bacteria etc into peptides; present on cell surface
- bridge between innate and adaptive immune responses
- make contact w antigen in peripheral then intersct w lymphocytes in lymph node
- secrete proteins that attract and activate other immune cells
118
how many nuclear monocytes have
1 large nucleus (mononuclear)
119
monocytes circulate in blood for
8hr
120
monocytes shape
bean-shaped molecule
121
how does macrophages formed
monocytes enter tissues, and become fully mature macrophages or dendritic cell
122
macrophages fx
- digest and or present antigen
| - surface receptor for abs (opsonized ags)
123
what does opsonized mean
increase susceptibility of bacteria to ingestion of phagocytes (allow phagocytosis)
124
types of lymphocytes
b cell t cell nk cell
125
can lymphocytes be distinguished morphologically?
no
126
t cell fx
helper cd4+ recognize ag in context of mhcII
| cell surface protein essential for adaptive immune response
127
b cell fx
become antibody producing plasma cells
128
nk cell
part of innate immune response
129
t and b cells are the only cells that capable of
recognizing different antigenic determinants (epitopes)
130
small lymphocytes size
8-10nM in diameter
131
lymphocytes nucleus and cytoplasm size
large nucleus and thin rim of cytoplasm
132
why cells do not respond to antigen in early stages of cell development
in early stages of cell development, cells do not have antigen receptor
133
t and b lymphocytes similarities
1. large nucleus with dense heterochrimatin
2. thin rim of cytoplasm
3. recognizes specific specific antugenic determinants
4. thus responsible for specificity and memory of the adaptive immune response
134
what function only b lymphocytes capable of
producing antibodies
135
b lymphocytes function
antigen receptors are membrane bound ab (mIg) and binding to mIg stimulates b cells activation
136
what is mIg
membrane immunoglobulin
137
t lymphocytes arise in
bone marrow
138
t lymphocytes migrate and mature in
thymus
139
t helper (th) ; lymphocytes
CD4+
140
t cytotoxic (tc); lymphocytes
CD8+
141
are ag receptors all the same ; t lymphocytes
no there are distinct but structurally related to antibodies
142
ag receptors of the t lymphocytes only recognize
peptide antigens that are attached to MHC proteins that expressed in APC (respond only to cell surface-associated antigens)
143
what is APC
- antigen presenting cell
- boost immune response by showing antigen its surface to other cell of immune response
- detects, engulfs and informs adaptive immune response about infection
- is a type of phagocytes
144
in response to ag stimulation
secrete cytokines
145
cytokines function
promote cell proliferation and differentiation for t cell b cell and macrophages
146
t lymphocytes fx
- in response to ag stimulation, cytokines secreted , promoting cell proliferation and differentiation for t cells b cells and macrophages
- recruit and activate inflammatory leukocytes
- tc cell lyse produce foreign ag and other cytokines that regulate immune response
147
Cd antigen
cluster differentiation of antigen
148
monoclonal antibodies can be made using
cd antigen
149
distinct cell population express
distinct surface memrane protein (ag)
150
cd antigen can be used to
determine cell type, maturity, ability to respond etc
151
how many classes of CD ag
at least 80 different classes
152
mononucleosis caused by
EBV (Epstein Barr Virus) - type of DNA herpes virus
153
mononucleosis infects how many and what cells
2 cells
- epithelial cells in salivary gland (release virus in saliva)
- B lymphocytes via CD21 (cz cd21 is the receptor for EBV as well as c3d)
154
circulation b cells sprrad virus to
reticuloendothelial system (liver spleen lymph nodes)
155
mononucleosis symptoms
- adenophaty (swelling of glands), hepatosplenomegaly (liver and spleen enlarge and swelling), fever, pharyngitis (sore throat)
- characteristic peripheral blood smear show reactive lymphocytes
156
3 kinds of cells present ag to t cell
dendritic cell, b cell, macrophages
157
organs of hematopoesis
yolk sac, fetal liver, bone marrow
