Topic 2: Cytoplasm

Question 1

What are the two types of organelles in the human cell?

Answer 1

Membrane-bound and non-membrane-bound structures

Question 2

What is the functional unit of all living things?

Answer 2

Cell

Question 3

What is cytoplasm?

Answer 3

Jelly-like substance inside the cell where organelles are suspended

Question 4

What are inclusions in the cytoplasm?

Answer 4

Nonliving, temporary storage structures

Question 5

What is the plasma membrane made of?

Answer 5

Phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins

Question 6

What are the functions of the plasma membrane?

Answer 6

• Protection
• Physical barrier
• Selective transport
• Communication

Question 7

What do transmembrane proteins do?

Answer 7

Serve as a transporter/doorway for large & polar molecules

Question 8

What are peripheral proteins?

Answer 8

Act as enzymes to speed up reactions & attach to the cytoskeleton

Question 9

What is the role of cholesterol in the plasma membrane?

Answer 9

Modulates fluidity

Question 10

What are the main components of the cytoskeleton?

Answer 10

• Microtubules
• Microfilaments (Actin Filaments)
• Intermediate Filaments

Question 11

What is glycolipid?

Answer 11

Carbohydrates attaching to lipids that serve as receptors

Question 12

What is cell differentiation?

Answer 12

Process by which a single fertilized egg develops into many different types of specialized cells

Question 13

What are blastomeres?

Answer 13

Cells produced by the first zygotic cellular division

Question 14

What are embryonic stem cells?

Answer 14

Special cells from the inner cell mass of a very early embryo that can turn into different types of cells

Question 15

What is the difference between passive and active transport?

Answer 15

• Passive: No energy needed, moves from high to low concentration
• Active: Needs energy, moves from low to high concentration

Question 16

What is simple diffusion?

Answer 16

Unassisted movement of small nonpolar substances down their concentration gradient

Question 17

Fill in the blank: The building blocks of all living things are _______.

Answer 17

Cells

Question 18

What is the cytosol?

Answer 18

Fluid medium in which diffusion occurs, filled with dissolved solutes

Question 19

What is the definition of facilitated diffusion?

Answer 19

Movement of ions and small polar molecules down concentration gradient through a selectively permeable membrane by a transport protein.

Question 20

What is osmosis?

Answer 20

The movement of water molecules from a solution with a high concentration of water molecules to a solution with a lower concentration of water molecules, through the cell’s selectively-permeable membrane.

Question 21

What are the types of endocytosis?

Answer 21

• Phagocytosis
• Pinocytosis
• Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Question 22

What occurs during phagocytosis?

Answer 22

Ingestion of large particles, such as bacteria, by specialized cells like macrophages.

Question 23

What is pinocytosis commonly referred to as?

Answer 23

Cell drinking.

Question 24

What happens in receptor-mediated endocytosis?

Answer 24

Specific receptors bind ligands, forming coated vesicles through invaginations involving clathrin.

Question 25

What is exocytosis?

Answer 25

Bulk movement of substances outside the cell by vesicles forming at the plasma membrane.

Question 26

What are the two main types of transport proteins in facilitated diffusion?

Answer 26

* Channel-mediated * Carrier-mediated

Question 27

What is the difference between isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solutions?

Answer 27

* Isotonic: Equal solute concentrations * Hypotonic: Lower solute concentration outside the cell, leading to water intake * Hypertonic: Higher solute concentration outside the cell, leading to water loss

Question 28

What is the function of leak channels?

Answer 28

Continuously open protein channels that allow ions to pass through.

Question 29

What is the function of gated channels?

Answer 29

Require a stimulus to open.

Question 30

What is the primary process of active transport?

Answer 30

Movement of substance against its concentration gradient powered directly by ATP.

Question 31

What are the phases of phagocytosis?

Answer 31

* Recognition and adherence * Engulfment

Question 32

What is the role of toll-like receptors in phagocytosis?

Answer 32

They detect pathogens associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) on microbes.

Question 33

Fill in the blank: The movement of substance powered through a semipermeable membrane without the use of _______ is called facilitated diffusion.

Answer 33

transport proteins

Question 34

True or False: Active transport uses transmembrane protein pumps powered directly by ATP.

Answer 34

True

Question 35

What is the primary difference between active transport and vesicular transport?

Answer 35

Active transport uses transmembrane protein pumps, while vesicular transport involves the movement of large substances across the plasma membrane by vesicles.

Question 36

What is a phagosome?

Answer 36

A vesicle formed during phagocytosis that merges with lysosomes for degradation.

Question 37

What happens to a cell placed in a hypotonic solution?

Answer 37

The cell will take in water, potentially leading to hemolysis.

Question 38

What are the two types of vesicular transport?

Answer 38

* Endocytosis * Exocytosis