Topic 2- Development Dynamics Flashcards
Measures of development methods
Gross domestic product (GDP)-the total value of a country’s output of goods and services produced in a given year
Measure of :economic-wealth
As country develops it gets higher
GDP per capita-the total value fo goods and services produced within a country in a year is divided by population of country.
Measure of economic-wealth
As country develops it gets higher
Gross National Income (GNI)- The total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year, including income from overseas. GNI per capita is GNI divided by whole population
Measure of economic-wealth
Human development index (HDI)-This uses life expectancy,literacy rate,education level and GNI to calculate a country’s score between 0 (least developed) and 1 (most developed)
Measure of disparities between countries and social and economic wealth
Demographic date-social measure of development
Birth rate-number of live babies born per 1000 of population per year
Measure of women’s rights
As country develops it gets lower
Death rate-number of deaths per 1000 of population per year
Measure kf health
As country develops it gets lower
Fertility rate-the average number of births per women
A measure of women’s rights
As country develops it gets lower
Infant mortality rate-number of babies who die under age of 1 per thousand born
Measure of health care
As country develops it gets lower
Maternal mortality rate-number of women who die due to pregnancy related problems per 1000 love births
A measure of health care
As country develops it gets lower
Doctors per 1000 of population
A measure of access to healthcare
As country develops it gets higher
Gini coefficient-a measure of economic inequality. Countries given a score between 0 equal and 1 total inequality
A measure of inequality
As country develops it gets lower
Gender inequality index-number thats calculated using date e.g women’s education,access to jobs, political rights and health during pregnancy. Higher score,more inequality
A measure of women’s rights
As country develops it gets lower
Corruption perceptions index (CPI)-a measure of level of corruption that is believed to exist in the public sector on scale of 1-100. Lower score, more corruption
Measure kf corruption
As country develops it gets higher
Developing,emerging,developed-countries demographic models
Developing:
Fertility rate-often high,but falls as education and contraception improve
Death rate- high,life expectancy low, as access to basic healthcare and sanitation is poor
Population structure-youthful
Maternal and infant mortality rate-high rates as access to healthcare is limited
Emerging countries:
Fertility rate-falling as more people become wealthier and there are changes in attitude towards having large family. Women also more equal place in society and better education
Death rates-falls rapidly as economic wealth brings more health and services and improved standards of living
Population structure-life expectancy increases and birth and death rates fall so balanced structure
Maternal and infant mortality rate-rates fall as people can access health care more
Developed countries:
Fertility rates-rates are low because people want possessions and high quality of life, and may have dependent elderly relatives so less money available for children
Death rate-low,people living at old age, access to medical treatment,good diet etc. may start to rise as result of an ageing popultation
Population structure-ageing population and proportion of children decreases
Maternal and infant mortality rate-rates are low as health care and follow-up treatments become avaialble
Factors affecting how country develops-environmental
Climate:
-if a country has a poor climate not much will grow which reduces amount of food produced which leads to malnutrition. People who have malnourished have a low quality of life
-people also have fewer crops to sell, so less money to spend on goods and services. Also reduces quality of life
Topography:
-of land in a country is steep, then it won’t produce a lot of food and to build transport infrastructure.
-landlocked countries are cut-off from seaborne trade routes which are important to economic growth e.g africa countries
Factors affect how a country develops-social
Health:
-in some poorer countries,lack of clean water and poor health care means that many people suffer from diseases such as malaria and cholera.
-people who are ill are less able to work, so may contribute less to economy. May also need expensive medicine or healthcare
-lower economic contribution and higher spending on healthcare means that less money available to spend on development
Education:
-educating people produces more skilled workforce, meaning country can produce more good and offers more services which can bring money into country through trade or investment
-educated people also earn more, so they pay more taxes which provides money that country can spend on development
Factors affecting how a country develops-political and economic
-authoritarian governments can put development policies in place without worrying about anyone stopping them-this can be good for economic development. Development under democratic governments is usually less extreme-different interest groups prevent either huge growth or economic collapse
-countries with corrupt or unstable governments develop more slowly, as investment in infrastructure,healthcare and education is inadequate and profits from companies from other
Countries stolen and used to make the powerful richer
-countries with good international relations are more likely to get good trade agreements and can get loans from international organisations to invest in development projects
Factors affecting how a country develops-histroical
Colonialism- countries that were colonised are often at a lower development when they gain independence than if not colonised
-european countries colonised much of Africa in 19th century. They controlled the economies of their colonies,removed raw materials and slaves, and sold back expensive manufactured goods. This was bad for african development as it made parts of africa dependent on Europe, and led to famine and malnutrition
Neo-colonialism:
-After colonies gained there independence, richer countries continued to control them indirectly.
-E.g some TNCs exploit the cheap labour and raw materials for poorer countries
-International organisations sometimes offer conditional loans, which mean poorer countries have to develop in way their donors want them to
Consequences of inequalities globally
Economic:
-more than 3 billion people live on 2.50 per day
-affects living standards and quality of life
-people migrate to countries with better pay and more opportunities
-developing countries frequently lack ability to pay for food,agricultural innovation and investment in rural development
Social:
-developing countries higher risks of diseases than people in developed countries leading to lower life expectancies
-infant mortality rate is much higher in developing
-without clean water or access to healthcare,millions of people do not reach full potential
-more than 775 million people in developing countries cannot read or write so can’t get better paid jobs,skilled jobs
Political:
-inequalities can increase political instability,crime and discontent in poorer countries
-more civil wars are more likely in developing countries. Conflict can increase inequality-poverty increases as money spent on fighting rather than development
-developing countries are often dependent on richer countries so less influence on global devisions
Environmental:
-developing countries have increased vulnerability to natural disasters
-lack the capacity to adapt to climate change-induced droughts
-poor farming practises lead to environmental degredation
-raw materials are exploited with providing limited economic benefit to developing countries and little concern for environment
Rowstow’s modernisation theory
Stage 1-traditional society-economy based on bartering,subsidence farming and little investment
Stage 2-pre conditions for take off- manufacturing starts to develops. Infrastructure is built and international trading begins
Stage 3-Rapid,intensive growth. Large-scale industrialisation. Increasing wealth
Stage 4-Drive to maturity-economy grows so people get wealthier.standards of living rise. Widespread use of technology
Stage 5-lots of trade. Goods are mass produced.people are wealthy,so high levels of consumption
Frank dependencies theory
-Ander Frank’s theory believes that countries are poor because kf past relationships with other countries
-Development was through core and prepheries
-where powerful countries are represented as core
-All other areas are the peripheries which depend on core for its market
-Essentially, the periphery produces and sells low-value raw materials to core
-core processes them to high-value goods and become wealthier
Globalisation
The process of all world’s systems and cultures becoming more integrated
Globalisation
-Globalisation is the process pf all world’s systems and cultures becoming intergrated
-it happens because of the movement of money and people between countries as well as business locating their operators and selling their products in more countries
Globalisation is increasing:
-improvements in ICT include e-mail,internet and mobile phones and phone lines that can carry more information and faster. Made it quicker and easier for businesses all over the world to communicate with each other
-improvements in transport include more airports, trains and larger ships. Made it quicker and easier for people all over the world to communicate with each other face to face. Made it easier for companies to get supplies and to distribute products
Development in technology have encouraged TNCS to invest un emerging countries such as India and China, by shifting production of goods and move data processing,call centres and administrative functions overseas
-Shift has benefitted emerging countries by creating new jobs and improving income levels and a better quality of life for some
-emerging countries have made it easier for TNCs to locate and offer incentives for investments through:
Creating special economic zones and export processing zones which have no or very low taxes
Restricting workers rights,banning workers from joining unions and having no or very low minimum wage
Limiting environmental,pollution,health and safety laws to reduce costs for new countries and offices
TNC and Governments increasing globalisation
TNCs:
-TNCs are companies that produce products,sell products or are located in more than one country
-TNCs increase globalisation by linking together countries through production and sales of goods
-they also bring culture from their country to many different countries
-TNCs also promote consumerism-people in developing and emerging countries see all the products that people in developed countries have which makes peoples lifestyles more similar
Governments:
-free trade-governments increase globalisation by promoting free trade e.g reducing tariffs on goods which,means its easier to move goods,money and service between countries
-investment-governments compete with each other to attract TNCs as they think TNCs will brung jobs, increase income of taxes and promote economic growth for country
-Privatisation-governments hand over services and industries to private companies
Top down-approach
Type of strategy: a government or large organisation IGO or TNC make decisions about how to increase development and direct the project
Scale and aims:
-often used for large projects e.g dams for HEP or irrigation schemes
-aim to improve large scale problems and improve lives of lots of people
Funding:
-Projects are usually expensive
-Some projects funded by TNCs or governments from developed countries who will profit developing countries
-Other projects may be funded by loans from international organisations e.g world bank. Money may have to be paid back later or organisation may have conditions for lending the money
Technology:
-projects are often high-tech and energy intensive. The construction usually involves machinery and technology,which is often operated by skilled workers from developed countries rather than local people
-The recipient countries become dependent on technology and wormers from donor country for operation and maintenance
Bottom-up approaches
Type of strategy:
-local people and communities decide on ways to improve thing for their own communities. NGOs are often involved
Scale and aims:
-usually small-scald e.g building or maintaining a well village
-often aim to improve the quality of life for poorest and most vulnerable people in society
Funding:
-projects usually much cheaper
-most money comes from charities, which often rely on donations from people in richer countries
Technology:
-projects involve intermediate technology
-local materials are used and local people are employed which means people have the materials and skills to maintain the project
Approaches tk development include NGOs-led intermediate technology
Advantages:
-projects are designed to address the needs of people local to where the projects are carried out
-locally available,cheap materials are used so community isn’t dependent on expensive imports
-projects are Labour intensive-create jobs for locals
Disadvantages:
-projects are often small-scale so may not benefit everyone
-different organisations may not work together,so projects may be inefficient
IGO-funded large infrastructure:
Advantages:
-Can fund large infrastructure projects in developing countries snd emerging
-projects can improve country’s economy,helping with long-term development e.g HEP stations may promote industry which provides jobs and boosts economy
-projects can also improve people quality lf life, as people have better access to reliable power,clean water
Disadvantages :
-often expensive and country may have to pay back money which can lead to debt
-may not benefit everyone-e.g HEP may not supply power to remote areas
-if governments are corrupt, may use money for own purposes
-projects tend to be energy i tensive-they use scarce resources,release greenhouse gases and leads to loss of ecosystems
And investments of TNCs:
Advantages:
-TNCs provide employment for local people
-more companies mean a greater income from taxes for host country
-some TNCs run programmes to help development
-TNCs may also invest in infrastructure,improving roads, basic services and communication links in areas which may improve quality of life for people
Disadvantages:
-some profits leave host country
-can cause environmental problems as developing countries have less strict environmental regulations
-TNCs may move around the country to take advantage of local tax breaks,leading people jobless as company moves on
