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BIO MOCK > TOPIC 2 - ORGANISATION > Flashcards

TOPIC 2 - ORGANISATION Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the digestive system?

A

An organ system in which organs work together to digest and absorb food.

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2
Q

Explain how enzymes are related to metabolism

A
  • enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions
  • enzymes bind their substrates to their specific active site
  • highly specific and can only bind certain substrates for certain reactions
  • without enzymes most metabolic reactions would take much longer and would not be fast enough to sustain life.
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3
Q

How do enzymes change in different temperatures and pH settings?

A

Low temp = slower
Optimum temp = fast - working at its best
High temp = too hot = dentaures
Low pH = denatures
Optimum pH = works best
High pH = denatures

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4
Q

Explain the lock and key theory

A
  • the enzyme which is the biological catalyst has an active site which is the ‘lock’.
  • the substrate which is the molecule the enzyme acts upon is called the ‘key’
  • only the correct key (substrate) will fit into the lock (enzyme’s active site)
  • when it bonds it forms a enzyme-substrate complex
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5
Q

What does amylase break down?
What does that break down into?
Where is it made?

A
  • starch
  • glucose and simple sugars
  • small intestine, pancreas, salivary glands
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6
Q

What does protease break down?
What does that break down into?
Where is it made?

A
  • protein
  • amino acids
  • small intestine, pancrease, stomach
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7
Q

What does lipase break down?
What does that break down into?
Where is it made?
What is a bi-product of this?

A
  • fats/lipids
  • fatty acids and glycerol
  • small intestine, pancreas
  • bile is made in the liver + stored in the gall bladder
  • it emulsifies fats
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8
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

Biological catalysts that speed up reactions by lowering activation energy.

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9
Q

What do digestive enzymes do?

A

Convert food into small molecules that can be absorbed into the bloodstream.

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10
Q

REQUIRED PRACTICAL 4 - test for a range of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins.

A

Starch = iodine, neg = no change pos = blue/black
Sugar = Benedict’s, neg = blue pos = red
Fat = emulsion test neg = no sep pos = cloudy
Protein = biuret neg = blue pos = purple

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11
Q

REQUIRED PRACTICAL 5 -

A
  • prepare test tubes holding same volume of starch solution
  • add the same amount of buffer solution
  • add to water bath to reach set temperature
  • add the same volume of amylase solution
  • stir with glass rod + start stopwatch immediately
  • each 30 seconds revome a drop of the mixture from each test tube and add it to a dimple tray containing iodine solution
  • iodine turns blue-black when starch is present
  • when no longer black-blue, all starch has been broken down by amylase
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12
Q

What is the function of the aorta?

A

Takes blood from the heart to the cells of the body

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13
Q

What is the function of the pulmonary artery?

A

Takes deoxygenated blood to the lungs

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14
Q

What is the function vena cara?

A

Brings deoxygenated blood from body to right atrium

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15
Q

What is the function of pulmonary vein?

A

Brings oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium

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16
Q

How are the lungs adapted to gaseous exchange?

A

They have lots of alveoli which have a large surface area allowing more space for oxygen molecules to move across across from the alveoli to the blood

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17
Q

What is the trachea?

A

A windpipe that air enters through with cartilage rings to prevent it collapsing

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18
Q

What is the bronchi?

A

Trachea divides into 2 main bronchi

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19
Q

What is the alveoli?

A

Tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs - millions

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20
Q

What is the network of capillaries?

A

Surround the alveoli - close proximity allows quick gas exchange between air in the alveoli and blood in capillaries.

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21
Q

What are the 3 types of blood vessels?

A
  • arteries
  • veins
  • capillaries
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22
Q

What is the function of arteries?

A

Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart under high pressure

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23
Q

What is the function of veins?

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A

Carry deoxygenated blood from organs back towards the heart under low pressure

24
Q

What is the function of capillaries?

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A

Carry both oxygenated and deoxygenated blood to individual cells through organs under very low pressure

25
What is the function of red blood cells?
Carry oxygen from the lungs and deliver it throughout the body
26
What is the function of white blood cells?
To protect your body against infection
27
What is the function of platelets?
They float in your blood and run to wound to clot blood.
28
What is coronary heart disease? (7 points)
- fatty deposits cause cornoary arteries to become narrow - reducing the flow of blood - cells get less oxygen - cells get less glucose - less respiration occurs - less energy is released - results in tiredness, pain, heart attacks
29
1 advantage and 1 disadvantage of artificial valves
ad = no rejection disad = can damage rbc so patients need to take anti-clotting drugs
30
1 advantage and 1 disadvantage of biological valves
ad = no damage to rbc disad = valves can harden so need replacing
31
1 advantage and 1 disadvantage of stents
ad = low risk of infection as surgery unnecessary disad= fatty deposits can build up again
32
1 advantage and 1 disadvantage of bypass surgery
ad = no rejection disad = major surgery involves risks
33
1 advantage and 1 disadvantage of statins
ad = reduce cholestrol slowing down fatty layers in arteries disad = patient has to take regularly
34
1 advantage and 1 disadvantage of artificial pacemaker
ad = no major surgery so low risk disad = can be rejected by immune system
35
1 advantage and 1 disadvantage of heart transplant
ad = improved chance of longer life disad = major surgery means high risks
36
What are the consequences of faulty valves?
They won't open as wide as it should restricting blood flow so less blood reaches the body, pressure builds up and lungs can swell.
37
What is the definition of health?
The state of physical and mental well-being.
38
What is the definition of diease?
Diseases, both communicable and non-communicable, are major causes of ill health.
39
Defects in the immune system mean?
More likely to suffer from infectious diseases
40
Viruses living in cells mean?
Increased chance of being diagnosed with cancer
41
Immune reactions can cause?
Allergies to be triggered such as skin rashes and asthma.
42
Severe physical ill health can lead to?
Depression and other mental illnesses.
43
Human and financial costs of non-communicable diseases on a: - individual - local community - globally
- individual = reduced quality of life and direct out of pocket expenses - local community = strain on healthcare services such as NHS and cost of resources - LIC's affected due to lack of healthcare and good living condtions and reduced global trade
44
Explain how different lifestyle risk factors can increase the chance of developing cardiovascular disease
- smoking encourages a build up of fatty material in arteries which reduces blood flow, high blood pressure and cholesterol - exercise = obesity, bp, diabetes - diet = bad can lead to obesity, cholesterol and diabetes
45
What is a risk factor of type 2 diabetes?
Obesity
46
What is the effect of alcohol on the liver and brain function?
Liver = fatty liver disease - leads to alchohol hepititus because alcohol interfers with the liver's ability to break down fats causing lipid build up in liver cells making it less efficient. Brain function = short term - slowed reaction times, long term - brain damage
47
What is the effect of smoking on lung disease and cancer?
Lung disease = Tar = damages cilia, leading to chance of infection, carbon monoxide reduces oxygen carrying capacity Lung cancer = Tar has carcinogens - mutations lead to uncontrolled cell division - tumour
48
What are the effects of smoking and alcohol on unborn babies?
- increases the risk of miscarrriage - birthweight is reduced - likely to suffer from respiratory infections - smaller brain - distinct facial features
49
How do carcinogens increase risk of cancer?
- damage DNA - triggers a chain reaction that turns normal cells into cancerous cells.
50
Describe cancer as the result of uncontrolled cell growth and division
Mutated genes don't work properly because the instructions in their DNA get mixed up. This can cause cells that should be resting to divide and grow out of control, which can lead to cancer.
51
Epidermal tissue function?
Decrease water loss by evaporation
52
Palisade mesophyll function?
Maximize energy production during photosynthesis.
53
Spongy mesophyll function?
To allow for the interchange of gases (C02 + 02) that are needed for photosynthesis
54
Meristem tissue function?
To begin growth of new cells in young seedlings at the tips of roots and shoots
55
Explain the effect of changing temperature, humidity, air movement and light intensity on the rate of transpiration.
- as temperature increases more kinetic energy for water molecules for faster evaporation - as humidity increases transpiration decreases as concentration gradient is less steep between air and leaf - air movement increases so does transpiration as it blows away humid layer maintaining steep conc gradient - light intensity increases so does transpiration as stomata wider for photosynthesis, allowing more water to escape
56
Describe process of transpiration
1. Absorption of water up thru the roots by root hair cells 2. Water transported up thru xylem cells 3. Evaporation thru mesophyll cells into air space 4. Water vapour diffuses out stomata 5. Transpiration pull : As water leaves, cohesion of water molecules occurs drawing more water up xylem

BIO MOCK (4 decks)

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