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BIO MOCK > TOPIC 3 - INFECTION AND RESPONSE > Flashcards

TOPIC 3 - INFECTION AND RESPONSE Flashcards

(55 cards)

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1
Q

Explain how diseases caused by viruses, bacteria, protists and fungi are spread in animals and plants.

A
  • direct contact
  • water
  • air
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2
Q

Explain how the spread of diseases can be reduced or prevented.

A
  • constant good sanitation
  • preparing food hygienically
  • vaccination
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3
Q

What are pathogens?

A

Pathogens are microorganisms that cause infectious disease

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4
Q

Pathogens can be:

A
  • Fungi
  • Virus
  • Bacteria
  • Protists
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5
Q

What do bacteria and viruses do?

A

Reproduce rapidly in the body

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6
Q

Bacteria may produce what to make us feel what?

A
  • toxins that damage tissues
  • ill
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7
Q

What do viruses do?

A

Live and reproduce inside cells then bursting, causing cell damage.

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8
Q

What type of pathogen are measles?

A

Virus

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9
Q

What are the symptoms of measles?

A
  • fever
  • red skin rash
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10
Q

How is the virus ‘measles’ spread?

A

Inhalation of droplets from sneezes or coughs

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11
Q

How does HIV attack the body?

A

Unless successfully controlled with antiretroviral drugs the virus attacks the body’s immune cells.

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12
Q

Late stage of HIV and AID’s occurs when?

A

The body’s immune system becomes so badly damaged it can no longer deal with other infections or cancers.

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13
Q

How is HIV spread?

A

Sexual contact or exchange of bodily fluids such as blood when drugs users share needles

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14
Q

What is tobacco mosaic virus?

A

A widespread plant pathogen affecting many species of plants

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15
Q

How can u tell if a plant has tobacco mosaic virus?

A

It gives a distinctive ‘mosaic’ pattern of discolouration on the leaves which affects the growth of the plant due to lack of photosynthesis.

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16
Q

How is salmonella spread?

A

Bacteria ingested in food or on food prepared in unhygienic conditions

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17
Q

What have we done in the UK to prevent the spread of salmonella?

A

Poultry are vaccinated against salmonella to control the spread

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18
Q

What are the symptoms of salmonella?

A
  • fever
  • abdominal cramps
  • vomiting
  • diarrhoea
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19
Q

What is gonorrhoea?

A

A sexually transmitted disease (STD)

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20
Q

What are the symptoms of gonorrhoea?

A

Thick yellow/green discharge from vagina/penis and pain whilst urinating

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21
Q

What type of pathogen is gonorrhoea?

A

Bacteria

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22
Q

How can you treat bacteria?

A

Antibiotics

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23
Q

How is gonorrhoea spread?

Study These Flashcards
A

sexual contact

24
Q

How can the spread of gonorrhoea be controlled?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • treatment with antibiotics
  • contraception such as a condom
25
What is rose black spot?
A fungi disease
26
How can you tell if a plant has rose black spot?
Purple or black spots on leaves
27
What does rose black spot do to a plant?
Affects the growth of the plant as photosynthesis is reduced
28
How is rose black spot spread?
Spread in the environment by wind or water
29
How can rose black spot be treated?
- fungicides - removing affected leaves from plant
30
What type of pathogen is malaria?
Protist
31
What is the main vector that transports the protist?
Mosquito
32
Symptoms of malaria
- fever - can be fatal
33
How is malaria spread controlled?
Preventing the vectors from breeding and mosquito nets to avoid being bitten.
34
Describe the body's first line of defence against pathogens
Skin - acts as a physical barrier preventing pathogens from entering the body Nose - contains hair + mucus that trap pathogens and then get removed through sneezing Trachea + bronchi - Lots of cilia which sweep mucus up and out of the respiratory system Stomach - produces hydrochloric acid, which kills pathogens
35
Explain the role of the immune system in the defence against disease.
2 main responses: - non-specific = rapid general defence since birth eg skin - specific = slow response involving lymphocytes that recognise specific antigens
36
White blood cells help to defend against pathogens by:
phagocytosis - engulf pathogen antibody production antitoxin production.
37
Explain how vaccination will prevent illness in an individual
Vaccination occurs when a weakened, inactive version of a pathogen is injected into your body. The body will be triggered and produce memory cells. If exposed to the real pathogen later, these cells will initiate a rapid, secondary response eliminating it and preventing illness.
38
Explain how the spread of pathogens can be reduced by immunising a large proportion of the population.
- decreases susceptible individuals - disrupting transmission - protects vulnerable people This leads to herd immunity and potential disease eradication
39
Explain the use of antibiotics and other medicines in treating disease.
Antibiotics = interfere with essential bacterial processes either killing or inhibiting their growth
40
Explain the use of other medicines in treating disease
Target specific pathogens or by alleviating symptoms eg painkillers supporting the body's natural healing process
41
Explain antibiotic resistance
When overuse of antibiotics occurs, bacteria evolve mechanisms to survive exposure of antibiotics reducing the drug's effectiveness
42
What can an antibiotic not treat?
Viral infection
43
Why is it difficult to develop drugs that kill viruses?
Viruses live inside of host body cells. Destroying the virus will often mean destroying the cell that the virus is inside of.
44
What do painkillers do?
Treat the symptoms of a disease, not the actual pathogen itself
45
Describe clinical and pre-clinical testing
Pre-clinical testing = involves lab and animal studies to assess a drug's safety b4 human trials Clinical trials = testing on humans in phases: 1 = safety, 2 = effectiveness, 3 = efficacy each get bigger each time
46
Where does the heart drug digitalis originates from?
Foxgloves
47
The pain killer aspirin originates from?
Willow
48
Who discovered penicillin?
Alexander Flemming
49
How are monoclonal antibodies produced?
Lymphocytes are fused with tumour cells to make them divide more rapidly. These are called hybridomas. Hybridomas divide rapidly and produce lots of cells that create lots of the same antibody. These antibodies are monoclonal antibodies and are collected and purified before use.
50
Give 3 examples of how monoclonal bodies can be used
- diagnosis such as pregnancy tests - to treat some dieases - measure levels of hormones in blood
51
Give 3 things that can detect if a plant has a plant disease
- stunted growth - spots on leaves - areas of decay
52
What can you use to identify if a plant has a plant disease?
- reference to a gardening manual or website - taking infected plants to a laboratory to identify the pathogen - using testing kits that contain monoclonal antibodies
53
Plants can be damaged by a range of ion deficiency conditions such as?
- stunted growth caused by nitrate deficiency which nitrate ions are needed for protein synthesis - chlorosis caused by magnesium deficiency which magnesium ions are needed to make chlorophyll
54
Physical plant defense responses include:
- cellulose cell wall - tough waxy cuticle on leaves
55
Chemical plant defense responses include:
- antibacterial chemicals - poisons to deter herbivores

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