Topic 2 - Organisation

Question 1

What is a tissue?

Answer 1

• A group of similar cells that work together to carry out a particular function eg ovum

Question 2

What is an organ?

Answer 2

• A group of two or more tissues that work together to carry out a particular function eg kidney

Question 3

What is an organ system?

Answer 3

• A group of organs that work together to carry out a particular function eg digestive

Question 4

Under what conditions does an enzyme denature?

Answer 4

• When the temperature is too high

* When the pH is too high or too low

Question 5

Rate of reaction formula?

Answer 5

1000 / time

Question 6

What enzyme breaks down carbohydrates and where is it produced in the body?

Answer 6

• Carbohydrase converts carbohydrates into amino simple sugars
• Produced in the salivary glands, the pancreas and the small intestine

Question 7

What enzyme breaks down proteins and where is it produced in the body?

Answer 7

• Protease converts protein into amino acids

* Produced in the stomach, pancreas and the small intestine

Question 8

What enzyme breaks down lipids and where is it produced in the body?

Answer 8

• Lipase converts lipids into fatty acids and glycerol

* Produced in the pancreas and the small intestine

Question 9

What is the role of bile and where is it produced?

Answer 9

• Bile is produced in the liver
• Neutralises stomach acid before it goes into small intestine
• Emulsifies fats

Question 10

What is the role of the right ventricle?

Answer 10

• Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs

Question 11

What is the role of the vena cava?

Answer 11

• A vein that carries oxygenated blood from the body to the right atrium

Question 12

What is the pulmonary artery?

Answer 12

• An artery that carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs

Question 13

What is the pulmonary vein?

Answer 13

• A vein that carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium

Question 14

What is the aorta?

Answer 14

• An artery that carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body

Question 15

What is the role of the left ventricle?

Answer 15

• Pumps oxygenated blood around the body

Question 16

What is an artery?

Answer 16

• Carries high pressure, oxygenated blood away from the heart
• Thick walls and small lumen

Question 17

What is a vein?

Answer 17

• Carries low pressure, deoxygenated blood towards the heart

* Thinner walls and bigger luemn

Question 18

What is a capillary?

Answer 18

• Tiny blood vessels that allow substances to diffuse from blood into cells
• Has a partially permeable membrane that is just one cell thick

Question 19

What is a coronary artery?

Answer 19

• An artery that branches off the aorta and surrounds the heart so everything can get oxygenated blood

Question 20

What is the role of red blood cells?

Answer 20

• To carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the cells
• Adapted to carry as much oxygen as possible by having no nucleus for space and being a bioconcave shape
• Contains a red pigment called haemoglobin that bonds with oxygen in a reversible reaction to from oxyhaemoglobin

Question 21

What is the role of white blood cells?

Answer 21

• Phagocytes - consumes unwanted microorganisms

* Lymphocyte - produces antibodies to fight microorganisms

Question 22

What is the role of plasma in blood?

Answer 22

• A straw coloured liquid that contains everything your cells need, use or produce including RBC, WBC, platelets, glucose, amino acids, CO2, urea, hormones, proteins, antibodies and antioxins

Question 23

What is the role of platelets in blood?

Answer 23

• Small fragments of broken cells that help to clot blood

Question 24

What is a stent?

Answer 24

• Tubes inserted into the arteries to hold them open and allow blood to flow through be squashing down any fatty deposits

Question 25

What are statins?

Answer 25

• They reduce cholesterol by slowing down rate of fatty deposits forming

Question 26

What are the advantages of statins?

Answer 26

* Reduce risk of strokes, CHD and heart attacks * Increases amount of good cholesterol * There is evidence to suggest statins prevent other diseases too

Question 27

What are the disadvantages of statins?

Answer 27

* Long term and must be taken regularly * Negative side effects such as headaches, kidney problems and memory loss * Effect isn't instant

Question 28

What are the four main parts leading into the lungs?

Answer 28

• Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

Question 29

What is the food test for sugar?

Answer 29

* Benedict's test | * Changes from blue to brick red

Question 30

What is the food test for scratch?

Answer 30

* Iodine solution | * Changes from orange to blue or black

Question 31

What is the food test for protein?

Answer 31

* Biuret test | * Changes from blue to purple

Question 32

What is the food test for lipids?

Answer 32

* Sudan III test | * Changes from clear to red top layer

Question 33

What are the four layers of tissue layers in a plant?

Answer 33

* Upper epidermis * Palisade layer * Spongy meosophyll * Lower epidermis

Question 34

What is the role of a phloem and how is it adapted?

Answer 34

* Transport dissolved sugars * Transportation in both directions * Cells are living * Elongated cells with small pores at the end to allow cell sap to move through * This process is called TRANSLOCATION

Question 35

What is the role of an xylem and how is it adapted?

Answer 35

* Transports water * Transports in one directions * Cells are dead * Elongated cells joined end to end with no walls between them * Strengthened using lignin

Question 36

What is a meristem?

Answer 36

* Where the plants grow * Often has discolouration * Plant stem cells are found here

Question 37

What four things speed up the rate of transpiration?

Answer 37

* Greater light intensity * Higher temperature * Better air flow * Drier air (humidity)

Question 38

What are the four main risk factors for non-communicable diseases?

Answer 38

* Smoking * Diet * Environment * Genetics

Question 39

What is a benign tumour?

Answer 39

* Not cancerous | * Grows until it runs out of space and can't spread

Question 40

What is a malignant tumour?

Answer 40

* Cancerous | * Spreads easily

Question 41

What is the transpiration stream?

Answer 41

* Water and minerals enter through routes by osmosis and diffusion * Water moves up plant as water is evaporated