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Biology Gcse > Topic 2 - Organisation > Flashcards

Topic 2 - Organisation Flashcards

(48 cards)

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1
Q

What is an organ system

A

A group of organs working together to perform a particular function

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2
Q

What is a tissue

A

A group of similar cells that work together to carry out a particular function

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3
Q

3 examples of tissues in mammals

A
  • muscular tissue, which contacts to move whatever it’s attached to
  • glandular tissue, makes and secretes chemicals like enzymes and hormones
  • epithelial tissue, covers the outside and inside of the stomach
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4
Q

What is an organ

A

A group of different tissues that work together to perform a particular function

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5
Q

Tissues in the stomach

A
  • muscular tissue, churn the food and digestive juices of the stomach together
  • glandular tissue, to produce the digestive juices that break down food
  • epithelial tissue which covers the outside and inside of the stomach.
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6
Q

The digestive system

A
  • glands (pancreas and salivary glands) produce digestive juices
  • the stomach and small intestine digest the food
  • The liver produces bile
  • The small intestine absorbs soluble food molecules
  • The large intestine absorbs water from undigested food, leaving faeces
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7
Q

What are carbohydrates

A

Contain chemicals elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen to provide us with energy. Most carbohydrates we eat will be broken down into glucose used to cellular respiration to provide energy for metabolic reactions in your cells.

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8
Q

What are lipids

A

Fats and oils - the most efficient energy store in the body

Made up of fatty acids and glycerol

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9
Q

What are proteins

A

Proteins are used for building up the cells and tissues of your body
Made up of long strands of amino acids

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10
Q

Food tests

A

Carbohydrates - iodine test for starch (yellow solutions turns blue/ black if starch is present)
Protein - biuret test (blue turns purple)(corrosive)
Lipids - ethanol test (cloudy white layer if a lipid is present) (highly flammable)

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11
Q

What is a catalyst

A

Special chemicals produced by living things to speed up useful chemical reactions and reduce the needs for high temperatures
A catalyst is not changed or used up in a reaction

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12
Q

What are enzymes

A

Large protein molecules made up by chains of amino acids folded to produce a molecule with an active site that has a unique shape to fit a specific substrate

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13
Q

Temperature and enzymes

A

A high temp increases the rate of reaction however it it gets too hot then some of the bonds holding the enzyme together break and the shape of the active site changes making it denatured

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14
Q

pH and enzymes

A

All enzymes have an optimum pH. If it’s too high or low again it can denature the enzyme

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15
Q

Rate of reaction

A

1000/time

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16
Q

What does digestive enzymes do

A

Break down big molecules into smaller ones so that they can pass through the walls of the digestive system and absorbed into the bloodstream

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17
Q

What do carbohydrases (amylase) do and where are they made

A

Break down starch

The salivary gland, the pancreas and the small intestine

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18
Q

What do proteases do and where are they made

A

Covert proteins into amino acids

Made in the stomach(pepsin), the pancreas and the small intestine

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19
Q

What do lipases do and where are they made

A

Convert lipids into fatty acids and glycerol

Made in the pancreas and the small intestine

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20
Q

Bile

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A

Produced in the liver and stored in the gall bladder before it is released into the small intestine.
The hydrochloric acid in the stomach makes the pH too acidic for enzymes in the small intestine to work properly.
Bile is an alkaline so it neutralises the acid and makes conditions alkaline - optimum for enzymes in the small intestine
Bile also emulsified fat (breaks it into tiny droplets) giving a bigger surface area for lipase to work on, making digestion faster

21
Q

The heart as a pump

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A

Vena cava bring deoxygenated blood into the heart
Into right atrium
Into right ventricle
Taken by the pulmonary artery to the lungs

The pulmonary vein brings oxygenated blood from the lung
Into left atrium
Into left ventricle
Up the aorta to the rest of the body

22
Q

The heart’s pacemaker

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A

Your resting heart rate is controlled by a group of cells in the right atrium wall
These cells produce a small electric impulse which spreads to the surrounding muscle walls causing them to contract

23
Q

What is an artificial pacemaker

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A

A little device implanted under the skin with a wire going to the heart. Produces an electric current to keep the heart beating regularly

24
Q

Artery function

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A

Carry blood away from the heart

25
Capillaries function
Involved in the exchange of materials at tissues
26
Vein function
Carry blood to the heart
27
Artery adaptation
The heart pumps blood out at high pressure so artery walls are strong and elastic The walls are thick compared to the size of the lumen Contain thick layers of muscle to make them strong and elastic fibres to allow them to stretch and spring back
28
Capillaries adaptations
Very small Carry blood really close to every cell to exchange substances Permeable walls so substances can diffuse in and out Walls only one cell thick to increase the rate of diffusion
29
Vein adaptations
Blood is at a lower pressure so the walls aren’t as thick as arteries Have a bigger lumen to help blood flow despite the lower pressure Have valves to keep the blood flowing in the right direction
30
The components of blood
Based on a liquid called plasma that carries red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, glucose and amino acids, co2, urea, hormones, proteins, antibodies and antitoxins
31
Blood plasma as a transport medium
Carries waste co2 from cells to lungs Carries urea to the kidneys where it is removed from the blood to form urine Small, soluble products of digestion are carried from the small intestine to individual cells
32
Red blood cell function
Carry oxygen from lungs to cells
33
Adaptations of red blood cells
Biconcave discs Increased surface area Packed with haemoglobin that binds to oxygen No nucleus so more space for haemoglobin
34
Platelets
Small fragments of cells No nucleus They help blood clot
35
What is blood clotting
A series of enzyme controlled reactions that result in converting fibrinogen into fibrin This produces a network of protein fibres that capture lots of red blood cells and more platelets to form a jelly like clot that stops bleeding
36
What is coronary heart disease
When the coronary arteries that supply the blood to the muscle of the heart get blocked by layers of fatty material building up This causes the arteries to become narrow, so blood flow is restricted and there’s a lack of oxygen to the heart muscle May result in a heart attack
37
What are stents
Tubes that are inserted into arteries, keeping them open so that blood can pass through to the heart muscles Keep the heart beating
38
Pros and cons of stents
Lower the risk of a heart attack Effective for a long time and recovery is relatively quick Risk of complications in operation (infection) Thrombosis - developing a blood clot near the stent
39
What can too much cholesterol do
Cholesterol is an essential lipid but too much in the bloodstream can cause fatty deposits to build up in the arteries and cause coronary heart disease
40
What are statins
Drugs that can reduce the amount of harmful cholesterol in the bloodstream, therefore decreases the rate of fatty deposits forming
41
Pros and cons of statins
Reduce risks of strokes and heart attacks and coronary heart disease Can increase the amount of beneficial cholesterol in the bloodstream May also help prevent other diseases Long term drug that must be taken regularly Can cause negative side effects Isn’t instant
42
Artificial heart pros and cons
Reduces need for donor Less likely to be rejected by body’s immune system Surgery can lead to bleeding or infection Don’t work as well Blood doesn’t flow as smoothly which can cause blood clots Patient has to take drugs to ensure this doesn’t happen
43
What are non communicable diseases
Those that cannot be spread between people or animals
44
What is a benign tumour
Where the tumour grows until there is no more room The tumour stays in one place rather than invading other tissues in the body This type isn’t usually dangerous and isn’t cancerous
45
What is a malignant tumour
Where the tumour grows and spreads to neighbouring healthy tissues Cells can break off and spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream The malignant cells then invade the healthy tissues elsewhere in the body and form secondary tumours They are dangerous and cancerous
46
What is transpiration
Loss of water from the plant
47
What causes transpiration
By evaporation and diffusion of water from the plants surface Evaporation causes a slight shortage of water in the leaf so more is drawn up from the xylem from the roots During gas exchange in the stomata water escapes from the leaves by diffusion because there is a lower conc of water outside than in
48
What affects transpiration rates
Light intensity - brighter the light greater the rate Temperature - warmer it is, faster the rate Air flow - better the air flow greater the transpiration rate Humidity - the drier the air around the leaf, the faster the rate

Biology Gcse (4 decks)

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