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Biology Gcse > Topic 3 - Infection And Response > Flashcards

Topic 3 - Infection And Response Flashcards

(45 cards)

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1
Q

What are communicable diseases

A

Diseases caused by pathogens spread from one person to another

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2
Q

What are pathogens

A

Microorganisms that cause disease (bacteria, viruses, fungi and Protists)

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3
Q

How are communicable diseases caused (2)

A

A pathogen can be passed from one infected individual to another who does not have the disease
Disease can be passed between different species of organisms

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4
Q

What is the difference between bacteria and viruses

A

Bacteria are single called living organisms, they make you feel ill by producing toxins that damage cells
Viruses are smaller than bacteria, they live inside your cells and replicate themselves which causes the cell to burst releasing all the new viruses

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5
Q

How are pathogens spread

A

Air (droplet infection)
Direct contact
Water

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6
Q

How to prevent the spread of communicable diseases

A

Hygiene
Isolation
Destroying vectors

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7
Q

Viral diseases (3)

A

Measles
HIV
Tobacco mosaic virus

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8
Q

Cause of measles

A

The virus is spread by inhalation of droplets from coughs and sneezes

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9
Q

Symptoms of measles

A

Fever and red skin rash

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10
Q

Treatment of measles

A

None

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11
Q

Prevention of measles

A

Vaccination for children and isolation of those infected

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12
Q

Causes of hiv

A

Unprotected sex, genetics, sharing injecting equipment, contaminated blood transfusions and organ transplant

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13
Q

Symptoms of hiv

A

At first - very mild flu like

After several years - attacks the immune system until it can no longer deal with infections

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14
Q

Treatments for hiv

A

Can be controlled by antiretroviral drugs that stop the virus replicating

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15
Q

Prevention of hiv

A

Protected sex, not sharing needles

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16
Q

Cause of TMV

A

Insects acting as vectors, contact between diseased plant material and healthy plants

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17
Q

Symptoms of TMV

A

Causes a mosaic pattern of discolouration on the leaves as the virus destroys the cells
Affects the growth of the leaves as the affected areas cannot photosynthesise

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18
Q

Treatment of TMV

A

There is no treatment

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19
Q

Prevention of TMV

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A

Farmers can grow TMV-resistant strains of many crops, good pest control in fields

20
Q

A fungal disease

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A

Rose black spot

21
Q

Causes of rose black spot

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A

The spores of fungus are spread in the environments carried by the wind. They are then spread over the plant after it rains in drips of water that splash from one leaf or plant to another

22
Q

Symptoms of rose black spot

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A

Causes purple or black spots to develop on rose leaves. The leaves then turn yellow and drop early, this weakens the plant as it reduces the surface area for photosynthesis

23
Q

Treatment of rose black spot

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A

Removing or burning affected leaves

Using fungicides

24
Q

A disease caused by a protist

25
Cause of Milaria
Caused by protist pathogens that are parasites, they live and feed on other living organisms The protists reproduce sexually in a mosquito then asexually in a human body
26
Symptoms of malaria
Affect the liver and damage red blood cells | Causes recurring episodes of fever and shaking when the protists burst out of red blood cells
27
Treatment of malaria
Treated with a combination of drugs but unavailable in many countries Some protists have also become resistant to some of the commonly used drugs
28
Prevention of malaria
Using insecticide-impregnated insect nets Using insecticides Prevent breeding by removing standing water and spraying water with insecticides to kill the larvae
29
Bacterial diseases (2)
Salmonella | Gonorrhoea
30
Cause of salmonella
Bacteria that live in the guts of many different animals | Get infected by eating undercooked meat, food prepared in unhygienic conditions that have been contaminated by it
31
Symptoms of salmonella
Develops within 8-72 hours Fever, vomiting, diarrhoea Can be fatal due to dehydration or malnutrition
32
Prevention of salmonella
Vaccinate poultry Keep raw chicken away from undercooked food Avoid washing chicken All meat completely cooked
33
Causes of gonorrhoea
Unprotected sex with infected person
34
Symptoms of gonorrhoea
Yellow discharge Pain when urinating Long term pelvic pain Infertility
35
Treatment of gonorrhoea
Antibiotics
36
Features of the body that act as a defence system (5)
Skin acts as a barrier and secretes antimicrobial substances Hairs and mucus in the nose Trachea and bronchi secrete mucus Trachea and bronchi are lined with cilia, waft up mucus to back of throat Stomach produces hydrochloric acid
37
What is phagocytosis
White blood cells that engulf and digest pathogens
38
What do lymphocytes do
Produce proteins called antibodies to lock onto the invading cells so that they can be found and destroyed by other white blood cells Antibodies produces are specific to that type of antigen Antibodies are then produces rapidly and carries around the body to find all similar bacteria and viruses If infected again white blood cells can produce antibodies rapidly so the person is naturally immune to it They also produce toxins by invading bacteria
39
Chemicals produced by plants used in drugs
Aspirin - willow | Digitalis - foxgloves
40
Drug testing 3 main stages
Preclinical testing - drugs tested on human cells and tissues in a lab, then tested on live animals to tests efficacy and find out its toxicity and find the best dosage (on 2 live animals) Clinical trial - tested on human volunteers, low dosage Then tested on ill patients to find the optimum dosage (placebo) Peer review - checker by other scientists
41
Monoclonal antibodies
Monoclonal antibodies are produced from a single white blood cell and only target 1 specific antigen (identical) The lymphocytes don’t divide easily Tumour cells do Fuse b-lymphocyte and tumour cell to create a hybridoma These cells can be cloned to get lots of identical cells to produce antibodies These antibodies can be collected and purified You can then make monoclonal antibodies that bind to anything
42
Why do plants need mineral ions
Nitrates are needed to make proteins and therefore for growth Magnesium ions are needed for making chlorophyll for photosynthesis
43
Plant physical defences
Waxy cuticle - provides barrier Cell wall - physical barrier for pathogens that make it passed the waxy cuticle Layers of dead cells around stems - act as barrier
44
Plant chemical defences
Some produce antibacterial chemicals that kill bacteria | Some produce poisons that deter herbivores
45
Mechanical defences
Thorns and hairs Some droop or curl when touched Some mimic over organisms

Biology Gcse (4 decks)

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