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GCSE Chemistry > Topic 2: States of Matter and Mixtures > Flashcards

Topic 2: States of Matter and Mixtures Flashcards

1
Q

What is the particle arrangement of a solid?

A

Regular

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2
Q

What is the particle movement of a solid?

A

The particles vibrate around a position

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3
Q

What is the relative energy of particles of a solid?

A

Low

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4
Q

What is the particle arrangement of a liquid?

A

Random

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5
Q

What is the particle movement of a liquid?

A

Move around each other

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6
Q

What is the relative energy of particles of a liquid?

A

Medium

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7
Q

What is the particle arrangement of a gas?

A

Random

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8
Q

What is the particle movement of a gas?

A

Move quickly in all directions

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9
Q

What is the relative energy of particles of a gas?

A

High

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10
Q

Are changes between states chemical or physical changes?

A

Physical changes

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11
Q

What is the change of state called when a solid turns into a liquid?

A

Melting

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12
Q

What is the change of state called when a liquid turns into a gas?

A

Boiling

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13
Q

What is the change of state called when a gas turns into a liquid?

A

Condensing

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14
Q

What is the change of state called when a liquid turns into a solid?

A

Freezing

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15
Q

What can melting and boiling point data can be used to predict?

A

A substances state at a given temperature

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16
Q

What happens during melting and boiling?

A
  1. Substances heat up
  2. Particles gain energy
  3. Forces between particles weaken
  4. Particles break free from position changing its state
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17
Q

What happens during condensing and freezing?

A
  1. Substances cools down
  2. Particles lose energy
  3. Forces between particles strengthen
  4. Particles are held in position changing its state
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18
Q

When do chemical changes happen?

A

In chemical reactions

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19
Q

What is the everyday definition of a pure substance?

A

Clean or natural

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20
Q

What is the chemical definition of a pure substance?

A

A substance containing only one element or compound

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21
Q

What are properties of a chemically pure substance?

A

It’ll have a sharp melting point
It’ll have a sharp boiling point

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22
Q

What is the equipment used to find the melting point of a substance?

A

Melting point apparatus
OR
With a water bath and thermometer

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23
Q

What is a mixture?

A

A substance made up of different elements or compounds that aren’t chemically bonded to each other

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24
Q

What is an example of a mixture?

A

Air

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25
Q

What is an impure substance an example of? What does this mean?

A

It’s an example of a mixture of - so will melt over a range of temperatures

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26
Q

What is filtration?

A

The separation of insoluble solids from liquids or solutions

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27
Q

What can filtration be used for?

A

Can be used to separate out a solid product or purified a liquid by removing insoluble impurities

28
Q

What is the process of filtration?

A
  1. Take a filter paper and a funnel
  2. Put the filter paper in the funnel and pour the solution into the funnel over a beaker
  3. The solid is left in the filter paper and the liquid will go to the beaker
29
Q

What is evaporation?

A

The separation of soluble salts from solution

30
Q

What is the process of evaporation?

A
  1. Put the solution on an evaporating dish
  2. Put the dish over a Bunsen burner and slowly heat the solution
  3. Crystals will form and dry or as the solvent evaporates
31
Q

What is crystallisation?

A

A process that separates soluble salts from solution

32
Q

What is the process of crystallisation?

A
  1. Heat solution but cool it when crystals start to form
  2. Large crystals from as solution cools
  3. Filter out crystals leave to dry
33
Q

What are the 2 types of distillation?

A
  1. Simple distillation
  2. Fractional distillation
34
Q

What is the process of simple distillation?

A
  1. Heat a solution using a Bunsen burner
  2. Water vapour will produce first because it’s the part of the solution with the lowest boiling point
  3. Will be cooled and condensed by cold water that goes in and out of a condenser
  4. Pure water would be produced
35
Q

What is the process of fractional distillation?

A
  1. A mixture of liquids are heated
  2. The fractionating column (which is filled with glass rods) allows liquids to evaporate at different times
  3. The liquids reach the top of the column when the temperature at the top matches their boiling point
  4. The condenser then condenses the different fractions at each of their different boiling points
  5. Fractions are collected separately
36
Q

What is the main difference between what simple distillation and fractional distillation can do?

A

Simple distillation can’t separate liquids with similar boiling points BUT fractional distillation can

37
Q

What is chromatography?

A

A method used to separate a mixture of soluble substances

38
Q

What is the process of chromatography?

A
  1. Use filter paper with a spot of mixture on it (e.g. ink) that lies in a pencil line
  2. Place the filter paper inside a watch glass that has the solvent in it, the pencil line CANNOT touch the solvent
  3. The solvent will then rise in the filter paper
  4. Remove the filter paper when solvent is nearly at the top of it
  5. This will then produce a chromatogram
  6. Locating agents can be sprayed on the chromatogram to show spots of colourless chemicals
39
Q

What are the 2 phases of chromatography?

A
  1. Stationary phase
  2. Mobile phase
40
Q

What is the stationary phase of chromatography?

A

Where the molecules can’t move e.g. chromatography paper

41
Q

What is the mobile phase of chromatography?

A

Where the molecules can move (the solvent) e.g. water or ethanol

42
Q

What is a Rf value?

A

The ratio between the distance travelled by the solute and the distance travelled by the solvent

43
Q

How is Rf calculated?

A

Rf = distance travelled by solute (B)/distance travelled by solvent (A)

44
Q

What is the distance travelled by the solute (B)?

A

The distance between the baseline (origin) and the spot of chemical

45
Q

What is the distance travelled by the solvent (A)?

A

The distance between the baseline (origin) and the solvent front

46
Q

What type of tests can chromatography be used for?

A

Purity tests

47
Q

Why don’t pure substances separate in chromatography?

A

They move as one spot

48
Q

How can a substance be identified using the Rf value?

A
  1. Run it alongside a pure sample of a known substance
  2. If they have the same Rf value, they’re likely the same substance
49
Q

What is potable water?

A

Water that is safe to drink

50
Q

Why is potable water not chemically pure?

A

It can contain low levels of dissolved salts and microbes

51
Q

What is the source of ground water?

A

Underground rocks

52
Q

What is the source of salt water?

A

Sea water

53
Q

What is the source of waste water?

A

Water contaminated by a human process e.g. as a by product in industry

54
Q

How are waste water and ground water made potable?

A

The process of treating (mesh, filtration, sedimentation, chlorination)

55
Q

How can the process of how water is treated be remembered?

A

My
Fathers
Sweet
Curry

56
Q

What is the process of treating water? What does each stage do?

A
  1. Put water through mesh - removes any large debris such as twigs
  2. Sedimentation - iron sulfate or aluminium sulfate added to water, making fine particles clump together and settle at the bottom
  3. Sand and gravel filtration - removes any smaller solid bits
  4. Chlorination - chlorine gas bubbled through to kill harmful bacteria and other microbes
57
Q

How is sea water made potable?

A

Distillation

58
Q

What is distillation of sea water?

A

Boiling the sea water to separate it from dissolved salts - requires a lot of energy

59
Q

How should water be prepared to be used for chemical analysis? Why?

A

Should be deionised - as tap water has ions in it that can interfere with reactions

60
Q

COMPOSITION OF INK CORE PRACTICAL: What are the 2 techniques used to investigate the composition of inks?

A
  1. Simple distillation
  2. Paper chromatography
61
Q

COMPOSITION OF INK CORE PRACTICAL: What does simple distillation show when investigating composition of inks?

A

Separate solvent from dyes if solvent has lowest boiling point

62
Q

COMPOSITION OF INK CORE PRACTICAL: What is the process of simple distillation done to investigate the composition of inks?

A
  1. Put the ink into a conical flask and heat it using a Bunsen burner
  2. The ink will then evaporate
  3. Using the thermometer that connected to the flask, check the temperature that the solvent is collected and condensed to find its boiling point - condense the gas using a condenser (that has cold water running through it)
  4. Collect the solvent produced in a beaker
63
Q

COMPOSITION OF INK CORE PRACTICAL: What can the boiling point of the solvent produced in fractional distillation (used to investigate the composition of inks) show?

A

It can help identify the solvent produced

64
Q

COMPOSITION OF INK CORE PRACTICAL: What does paper chromatography show when investigating composition of inks?

A

It can separate out the different dyes

65
Q

COMPOSITION OF INK CORE PRACTICAL: What is the process of paper chromatography done to investigate the composition of inks?

A
  1. Use filter paper with a spot of ink on it that lies on the a pencil line which is next to a spot of pure dye also on the line
  2. Place the filter paper inside a watch glass that has the shallow solvent in it, the pencil line CANNOT touch the solvent
  3. The solvent will then rise in the filter paper and separate the dyes
  4. Remove the filter paper when solvent is at the top of it
  5. This will then produce a chromatogram
  6. If a spot from the ink matches that of the pure dye, that dye may be present in the ink
66
Q

COMPOSITION OF INK CORE PRACTICAL: How can dyes be identified in paper chromatography?

A

Comparing their Rf values to known compounds

67
Q

What are the 3 methods to remove soluble products from a solution?

A
  1. Chromatography
  2. Evaporation
  3. Crystallisation

GCSE Chemistry (9 decks)

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