Topic 2 - The central nervous system: the forebrain, the midbrain, the hindbrain

Question 1

Celebral cortex important gyrus

Answer 1

Central sulcus
Lateral sulcus
Temporal sulcus

Question 2

Corpus callosum

Answer 2

The bigger commissure, nerve fibers that connects the two hemispheres

Question 3

Sensory association cortex

Answer 3

Where each primary sensory area of the cerebral cortex sends information to adjacent regions.

Question 4

Basal ganglia structure (striatum)

Answer 4

Caudate nucleus
Putamen
Globus pallidus

Question 5

Limbic system structure

Answer 5

Limbic cortex (cingulate gyrus and parahippocampus gyrus)
Amygdala
Hippocampus
Mammillary body

Question 6

Limbic system functions

Answer 6

Learning
Memory
Emotions

Question 7

Thalamus functions

Answer 7

The thalamus has the relay function. The different nuclei receive the information and send to another part of the brain

Question 8

Hypothalamus functions

Answer 8

Controls hormonal system and autonomic nervous system
Controls body temperature
Controls satiety
Controls some hormonal functions
Emotions
Circadian system

Question 9

Amygdala function

Answer 9

Emotional responses (principally anxiety and fear)

Question 10

Hippocampus function

Answer 10

Has the (episodic or explicit) memory function

Question 11

Optic quiasma

Answer 11

fibres in ventral view that are from eyes

Question 12

Olfactory bulbs

Answer 12

fibres in ventral view that are from nose

Question 13

Frontal lobe function

Answer 13

planning, reasoning and controls our ability to use speech and how we react to situations emotionally

Question 14

Temporal lobe function

Answer 14

memory, audition, language and object recognition

we can see all this lobe in ventral view only

Question 15

Parietal lobe function

Answer 15

sense of touch and is used for spatial processing and perception

Question 16

Occipital lobe function

Answer 16

vision

Question 17

Hypophysis

Answer 17

It’s glande = structure producing hormones

It is controlled by hypothalamus

Question 18

Hypophysis structure

Answer 18

• Adenohypophysis or anterior pituitary

- Neurohypophysis or posterior pituitary

Question 19

Midbrain or mesencephalon structure

Answer 19

The midbrain (also called the mesencephalon) surrounds the cerebral aqueduct and consists of two major parts: the tectum and the tegmentum.
It’s a part of the brainstem

Question 20

Tectum definition and structure

Answer 20

The tectum (“roof”) is located in the dorsal portion of the mesencephalon. Its principal structures are the superior colliculi and the inferior colliculi, which appear as four bumps on the dorsal surface of the brain stem

Question 21

Tegmentum structure

Answer 21

The tegmentum (“covering”) consists of the portion of the mesencephalon beneath the tectum. 
It includes the rostral end of the reticular formation, red nucleus and substantia nigra

Question 22

Reticular formation

Answer 22

Axons crossing the brainstem. Function of alertness arousal

Question 23

Substantia nigra

Answer 23

A darkly stained region of the tegmentum that con- tains neurons that communicate with the caudate nucleus and putamen in the basal ganglia.

Question 24

the hindbrain structure

Answer 24

The hindbrain, which surrounds the fourth ventricle, consists of two major divisions: the metencephalon and the myelencephalon.

Question 25

brainstem functions

Answer 25

``` Motor and sensory information (all the information through the brain and spinal cord passes to the brainstem) Vital function (heart beat, breathing) ```

Question 26

metencephalon structure

Answer 26

The metencephalon consists of the pons and the cerebellum.

Question 27

cerebellum definition and structure

Answer 27

``` The cerebellum (“little brain”), with its two hemispheres, resembles a miniature version of the cerebrum. It is covered by the cerebellar cortex and has a set of deep cerebellar nuclei. It has a structure similar to corpus callosum that is called vermis (in white color) that connects both hemispheres. ```

Question 28

cerebelleum functions

Answer 28

Coordination Balance Precision

Question 29

Myelencephalon definition and structure

Answer 29

The myelencephalon contains one major structure, the medulla oblongata It doesn’t have any anatomical reference

Question 30

Amygdala

Answer 30

A structure in the interior of the rostral temporal lobe, containing a set of nuclei; part of the limbic system.

Question 31

Mammilary body

Answer 31

A protrusion of the bottom of the brain at the posterior end of the hypothalamus, containing some hypothalamic nuclei; part of the limbic system.

Question 32

Fornix

Answer 32

A fiber bundle that connects the hippocampus with other parts of the brain, including the mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus; part of the limbic system.

Question 33

Red nuclues

Answer 33

A large nucleus of the midbrain that receives inputs from the cerebellum and motor cortex and sends axons to motor neurons in the spinal cord.