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Sports Science > Topic 2, topic 7, topic 8 > Flashcards

Topic 2, topic 7, topic 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

principal sources of energy for brain

A

Glucose and oxygen which pass rapidly from the blood to the brain cells used to make ATP, supply is limited so there must be continuous supply

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2
Q

Outline blood supply to the brain

A

left and right carotid arteries and left and right vertebral arteries

Carotid arteries
External: supply blood to the face and scalp
Internal: supply blood to most of the cerebrum

Brachiocephalic trunk: artery that supplies blood to the right arm, head and neck

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3
Q

Blood-Brain-Barrier

A

protects the brain from foreign substances that may injure the brain, maintains a constant environment for the brain
it is a highly selective barrier that separates the circulating blood from the brain extracellular fluid in the CNS

small molecules like antidepressants and alcohol can slip through endothelial cells, large molecules such as glucose and insulin are transported through proteins

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4
Q

principal source of energy for brain cells

A

The brain obtains energy using glucose and oxygen, which pass rapidly from the blood to the brain cells
Glucose and oxygen are used to make ATP inside the brain by the process of aerobic respiration
Carbohydrate storage in the brain is limited, so the supply of glucose must be continuous
If blood entering the brain has low glucose or oxygen levels, mental confusion, dizziness, convulsions and loss of conciousness may occur

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5
Q

Brain stem function

A

respiratory and cardiovascular control centres

Includes:
Diencephalon - Thalamus (perception of sensations cognition)
Hypothalamus (control ANS, Hr, blood pressure, pituitary gland)

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6
Q

cerebrum function

A

high-level brain functions such as thinking, language and emotion, and motivation. 3 broad processes
1-sensory (receiving sensory impulses)
2- association (interpreting and storing input, and initiating a response)
3- motor (transmitting impulses)

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7
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Motivation, reasoning and planning

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8
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Somatic sensory orientation

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9
Q

Occipital lobe

A

visual sensory and association centre

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10
Q

Temporal lobe

A

long-term memory

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11
Q

Limbic lobe

A

emotions and feelings

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12
Q

Cerebellum

A

maintain balance and posture
smooth out skeletal muscle contractions
motor activities

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13
Q

Circulating hormones

A

travel around the body in the blood (adrenaline and testosterone)

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14
Q

Local hormones

A

act on neighbouring cells without entering the bloodstream and are usually inactivated quickly. (glucagon and serotonin)

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15
Q

Hormones

A

secreted by the endocrine glands to regulate and coordinate a range of bodily functions. Most hormones are released in short bursts, although some are secreted over longer periods of time to stimulate permanent changes in the body.
Hormones affect only specific target cells by (chemically) biding to specific receptors

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16
Q

How circulating hormone levels are regulated

A

complex feedback loops that may be influenced by
-signals from the nervous system, such as adrenaline
-Chemical changes in the blood, such as insulin
-Other hormones like growth hormones

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17
Q

functions of the conducting airways

A

low resistance pathway for airflow
defence against chemicals and other harmful substances that are inhaled
Warming and moistening the air

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18
Q

Pulmonary ventilation

A

Inflow and outflow of air between the atmosphere and the lungs (breathing)

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19
Q

Total lung capacity

A

Volume of air in the lungs after a maximum inhalation (VC + RV)

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20
Q

Vital capacity

A

Maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation (TV+ERV+IRV)

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21
Q

Tidal volume

A

Volume of air breathed in and out in any one breath

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22
Q

Expiratory reserve volume

A

Volume of air in excess of tidal volume that can be exhaled forcibly

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23
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume

A

Additional inspired air over and above tidal volume

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24
Q

Residual volume

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A

Volume of air still contained in the lungs after a maximal exhalation

25
Accessory muscles
Abdominals, scapula and pectoralis major
26
Inspiration
Diaphragm contracts and lowers External intercostal muscles contract raising the rib cage (internal intercostal muscles contract antagonistic pairs) Volume of lungs increases Pressure decreases below atmospheric pressure Gas always wants to go to a place with less pressure Air flows in
27
Expiration
Diaphragm relaxes becoming dome-shaped Internal intercostal muscles contract lowering the rib cage Volume of lungs decreases Pressure increases above atmospheric pressure Gas is forced out because it wants to go to a place with less pressure Air flows out
28
role of hemoglobin in oxygen transportation
98.5% of oxygen is transported by hemoglobin as oxyhemoglobin within red blood cells
29
Process of gas exchange in the alveoli
Oxygen moves into the alveolus which causes it to have a high concentration of oxygen Oxygen diffuses (because the capillaries have low concentration of blood) through the cell membrane of alveolus (this membrane is 1 cell thick) This means that it is a short distance to the capillary Inside the capillary if diffuses into red blood cells Haemoglobin turns into oxyhemoglobin Red blood cells carry deoxigenated blood and turns then into oxygenated blood Carbon dioxide leaves the capillary and diffuses to the alveolus CO2 leaves the alveolus
30
Composition of blood
Erythocytes: Transport O2 and CO2 Leucocytes:Part of the immune system (fight infections) Platelets(thrombocytes) - clot the blood Plasma - liquid (mostly water) transport other cells, nutrients, vitamins and everything in the blood
31
Functions of skin
Regulation of body temperature (sweat production by sweat glands evaporates) Protection and immunity (from impact or substances) Sensation (nerve endings and receptors) Excretion (of salts, water, organic waste) Synthesis of Vitamin D (epidermal cells produce when exposed to UV radiation)
32
Hypothalamus and Pituitary gland
Responsable for homeostasis Hypothalamus is the part of the brain that controls the pituitary gland Neurohormones (GHRH and Somatostatin) directly influence the pituitary gland Nervous impulses from hypothalamus also stilulate the pituitary gland Pituitary gland secretes hormones such as ADH and GH that help regulate the body functions such as growth, water and temperature regulations
33
Nervous and chemical controls of ventilation during exercise
Ventilation increases as a direct result of increases in blood acidity levels (low pH) due to the increase in carbon dioxide content of the blood detected by the respiratory centre. This results in an increase in the rate and depth of ventilation during exercise. The muscles use more oxygen so there is more CO2 as a byproduct Neural control of ventilation includes lung strtch receptors, muscle proprioreceptors and chemoreceptors
34
Four chambers of the heart
left and right atrium (upper chambers) left and right ventricals (lower chambers)
35
4 valves and major blood vessels
Aorta Valves, Tricuspid valve, Bicuspid Valve and Mitral valve Vena Cava, pulmonary vein, aorta and pulmonary artery
36
Through the coronary arteries
The heart has its own blood supply
37
Pulmonary circulation
Carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart to the lungs and returns oxygenated blood back to the heart
38
Systemic circulation
Carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart
39
Parasympathetic and Sympathetic
The parasympathetic nervous system restores the body to a calm and composed state and prevents it from overworking. Rest+ Digest (relaxing) The sympathetic nervous system, on the other hand, prepares the body for fight and flight response. (fight or flight)
40
Describe the intrinsic and extrinsic regulation of the heart rate and the sequence of excitation of the heart muscle
Extrinsic: its own pacemaker that signals it when to beat and is controlled by the ANS and by adrenaline (also increases glycogen and lipid breakdown) Intrinsic: Electrical impulse generated at the SA node and travels across the atria to the AV ode to the ventricals
41
Stimulation of the heartbeat
Information from the Nervous system (how fast to beat/a lot of adrenaline or not not) SAN receives information and contracts the Atria AVN takes information from contraction to Parkinjee fibers causing a contraction of ventricles --»Apex Final culmination of the heartbeat
42
principle structure of the ventilatory system
Nose Mounth pharynx Larynx Trachea Bonchi Bronchioles Lungs Alveoli
43
Relationship between cardiac output, heart rate and stroke volume at rest and during exercise
Cardiac output = stroke volume times heart rate Stroke volume expands and heart rate increases during exercise
44
Analyse cardiac output, stroke volume and heart rate data for different populations at rest and during exercise
Cardiac output At rest: CO lower in females due to differences in body size and composition Trained individuals higher because cardiovascular adaptations During exercise: Female is still lower but both increase Trained exhibit more increase Stroke volume At rest: lower in females Trained larger because improvements in cardiac function During exercise: trained greater Heart rate At rest: higher in females Trained have lower due to increased cardiac efficiency During exercise: trained reach a lower maximal due to increased stroke volume
45
Cardiovascular drift
Heat is produced as byproduct of energy production Increases body temperature Vasodilation of the blood vessels moves the heat around the body Sweat and evaporation cools the body but reduces plasma increasing blood viscosity, decreasing stroke volume and venous return to the heart So heart rate has to increase to maintain cardiac output
46
systolic and diastolic blood pressure
Systolic: the force exerted by blood on arterial walls during ventricular contraction Diastolic. the force exerted by the blood on the arterial wall during ventricular relaxation
47
cardiac output
Quantity of blood pumped by the heart in a given period of time 8litres per minute)
48
Stroke volume
volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle of the heart during each systolic cardiac contraction (expands during exercise)
49
HR
number of beats per minute
50
Diastolic VS systolic
systolic is almost double diastolic Systolic increases way more from rest to exercise then diastolic
51
response of systolic and diastolic to dynamic and static exercise
Static exercise: there is no relaxation of the arterial walls because the muscles are constantly contracted (systolic increases a lot, diastolic increases) In dynamic exercise there are periods of relaxation which means that the arterial walls are not constantly under pressure (systolic increases slightly and diastolic remains)
52
Compare distribution of blood at rest and redistribution of blood during exercise
At rest blood flow to muscles at rest is lower then during exercise. It also goes to other organs like the brain, heart, and kidneys. Resting skeletal muscles do not require as much oxygen and nutrients as they do during physical activity. During exercise Increase in blood flow to the active muscles (oxygen and nutrient supply). Oxygen is essential for aerobic respiration, providing energy for muscle contractions. Nutrients support energy production during exercise The sympathetic nervous system is activated during exercise, leading to the release of norepinephrine.
53
Cardiovascular adaptations resulting from endurance exercise training
Hypertrophy to ventricular volume resulting in an increase stroke volume and lower resting and exercising heart rate Increased capillarization which leads to more blood going to the muscles Icreased oxygen difference (difference between the oxygen in the arteries and the veins Higher VO2 max
54
maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max)
Maximum oxygen uptake that quantifies the maximum rate that an individual can take in and use oxygen (amount of oxygen someone can use)
55
VO2 Max (males vs females, young vs old, trained vs untrained)
Trained has higher because they have more muscle, bigger left ventricle and more capillarization During child years it increases as you grow but it reaches a peak at early 20s for males and late teens for females. then it decreases with age Lower in females because of hemoglobin concentration and body composition (15% more body fat which doens´t cappilarize)
56
generalized structure of the skin
Epidermis Peridermis endodermis Fat Sweat glands oil glands Hair follicles
57
Relationship between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland
hypothalamus and pituitary gland are responsible for homeostasis Hypothalamus is the part of the brain that controls the pituitary gland Neurohormones such as GHRH and somatostatin from the hypothalamus influence the pituitary gland as well as nerve impulses Pituitary gland secretes ADH and GH that help regulate a wide range of bodily functions including growth and water and temperature regulations
58
Label the endocrine organs
Hypothalamus pituitary gland pineal gland thyroid gland adrenal pancreas ovaries and testes
59
Discuss the variability of maximal oxygen consumption with different modes of exercise
Cycling vs running vs arm ergometry - more amount of muscle groups involved the higher the VO2 max

Sports Science (10 decks)

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