Topic 3

Question 1

What is sexual reproduction?

Answer 1

The fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote that develops into an embryo.

Question 2

What is asexual reproduction?

Answer 2

The production of genetically identical offspring from one parent without the fusion of gametes.

Question 3

What is fertilisation?

Answer 3

The fusion of a male and female gamete to produce a zygote.

Question 4

What are the features of an insect-pollinated flower?

Answer 4

Bright petals, scent, nectar, sticky pollen, small number of pollen grains.

Question 5

What are the features of a wind-pollinated flower?

Answer 5

Small petals, no scent or nectar, large amounts of smooth, light pollen, long filaments and feathery stigma.

Question 6

What happens after pollination in flowering plants?

Answer 6

The pollen tube grows to the ovule, fertilisation occurs, leading to seed and fruit formation.

Question 7

What are the conditions needed for seed germination?

Answer 7

Water, oxygen, and suitable temperature.

Question 8

What do germinating seeds use for energy before photosynthesis begins?

Answer 8

Food reserves stored in the seed.

Question 9

How do plants reproduce asexually by natural methods?

Answer 9

Using runners, such as in strawberry plants.

Question 10

How do plants reproduce asexually by artificial methods?

Answer 10

Using cuttings from parent plants.

Question 11

What is the function of the testes?

Answer 11

To produce sperm and testosterone.

Question 12

What is the function of the sperm duct?

Answer 12

Transports sperm from the testes to the urethra.

Question 13

What is the function of the prostate gland?

Answer 13

Produces seminal fluid that mixes with sperm to form semen.

Question 14

What is the function of the urethra?

Answer 14

Transports semen and urine out of the body.

Question 15

What is the function of the penis?

Answer 15

Introduces sperm into the female reproductive system.

Question 16

What is the function of the ovaries?

Answer 16

Produce eggs and hormones (oestrogen and progesterone).

Question 17

What is the function of the oviduct (fallopian tube)?

Answer 17

Transports the egg from the ovary to the uterus; fertilisation occurs here.

Question 18

What is the function of the uterus?

Answer 18

Where the embryo implants and develops during pregnancy.

Question 19

What is the function of the cervix?

Answer 19

The opening to the uterus from the vagina.

Question 20

What is the function of the vagina?

Answer 20

Receives the penis during intercourse and is the birth canal.

Question 21

What is the role of oestrogen in the menstrual cycle?

Answer 21

Stimulates the repair of the uterus lining and the development of secondary sexual characteristics.

Question 22

What is the role of progesterone in the menstrual cycle?

Answer 22

Maintains the uterus lining in the second half of the cycle.

Question 23

What is the function of the placenta?

Answer 23

Allows exchange of nutrients, gases, and waste between mother and foetus.

Question 24

What protects the developing embryo?

Answer 24

Amniotic fluid, which cushions the embryo from shocks.

Question 25

What is the role of testosterone?

Answer 25

Stimulates the development of male secondary sexual characteristics.

Question 26

What is the role of oestrogen in puberty?

Answer 26

Stimulates the development of female secondary sexual characteristics.

Question 27

What is a genome?

Answer 27

The entire DNA of an organism.

Question 28

What is a gene?

Answer 28

A section of DNA that codes for a specific protein.

Question 29

Where are genes found?

Answer 29

On chromosomes in the nucleus of cells.

Question 30

What is an allele?

Answer 30

A different version of a gene.

Question 31

What does dominant mean in genetics?

Answer 31

An allele that is always expressed in the phenotype if present.

Question 32

What does recessive mean in genetics?

Answer 32

An allele that is only expressed in the phenotype if two copies are present.

Question 33

What does homozygous mean?

Answer 33

Having two identical alleles for a gene.

Question 34

What does heterozygous mean?

Answer 34

Having two different alleles for a gene.

Question 35

What does genotype mean?

Answer 35

The genetic makeup of an organism.

Question 36

What does phenotype mean?

Answer 36

The physical characteristics of an organism.

Question 37

What is monohybrid inheritance?

Answer 37

Inheritance of a single characteristic controlled by one gene.

Question 38

What is a family pedigree used for?

Answer 38

To track inheritance of traits across generations.

Question 39

What is the chromosome combination for a human male?

Answer 39

XY.

Question 40

What is the chromosome combination for a human female?

Answer 40

XX.

Question 41

How is the sex of offspring determined?

Answer 41

By whether the sperm carries an X or Y chromosome.

Question 42

What is mitosis?

Answer 42

Cell division producing two identical diploid cells for growth and repair.

Question 43

When does mitosis occur?

Answer 43

During growth, repair, cloning, and asexual reproduction.

Question 44

What is meiosis?

Answer 44

Cell division producing four genetically different haploid gametes.

Question 45

How does meiosis cause variation?

Answer 45

By producing gametes with different combinations of chromosomes.

Question 46

How many chromosomes are in a human diploid cell?

Answer 46

46

Question 47

How many chromosomes are in a human haploid cell?

Answer 47

23

Question 48

What causes genetic variation?

Answer 48

Genetic, environmental, or a combination of both factors.

Question 49

What is a mutation?

Answer 49

A rare, random change in DNA that can be inherited.

Question 50

What is natural selection?

Answer 50

The process where organisms with advantageous traits survive and reproduce.

Question 51

Why is antibiotic resistance in bacteria a problem?

Answer 51

It makes infections harder to treat and can spread in populations.