Topic 3: Energy balance and body composition Flashcards
week 3 (24 cards)
What is the Atwater factor for carbohydrates?
4 kcal or 17 kJ per gram.
What is the Atwater factor for fat?
9 kcal or 37 kJ per gram.
What is the Atwater factor for protein?
4 kcal or 17 kJ per gram.
What is the Atwater factor for alcohol?
7 kcal or 29 kJ per gram.
What unit is commonly used to measure energy in food in Australia?
Kilojoules (kJ).
How many joules are in 1 kilojoule (kJ)?
1000 joules.
How many kilojoules are in 1 megajoule (MJ)?
1000 kilojoules.
Which hormone stimulates appetite and is released from the stomach?
Ghrelin.
What is the function of leptin in appetite regulation?
Suppresses appetite by inhibiting Neuropeptide Y.
Which hormone slows gastric emptying and is released in response to protein intake?
GLP-1 (Glucagon-like peptide-1).
Which hormone is released in response to fat intake and helps digest fat?
Cholecystokinin (CCK).
What role does insulin play in appetite regulation?
Low insulin stimulates Neuropeptide Y, increasing appetite.
What is the effect of Neuropeptide Y on food intake?
It stimulates food intake, especially carbohydrates.
What does BMI stand for?
Body Mass Index.
Why is BMI considered a limited measure of health?
It does not distinguish between fat and lean mass or show fat distribution.
What affects the accuracy of BMI as a health indicator?
Body composition, ethnicity, and fluid shifts.
What population-specific BMI thresholds apply for Asians and Indians?
Overweight ≥23, Obese ≥25 kg/m².
What is a major limitation of BMI in children?
It requires percentile charts based on age and gender.
What does a waist circumference >94 cm in males indicate?
Increased risk of metabolic disease.
What waist circumference is considered high risk for females?
> 88 cm.
What waist-to-hip ratio indicates increased risk in males?
> 0.90.
What waist-to-hip ratio indicates increased risk in females?
> 0.80.
What waist-to-height ratio suggests early health risk?
≥0.5.
Why is waist-to-height ratio considered a better measure than BMI?
It more accurately reflects central obesity and health risk.
