Topic 3: Globalisation, Media & Crime Flashcards
(56 cards)
1
Q
A
2
Q
Define Globalisation
A
The increasing interconnectedness of societies
3
Q
What is meant by transnational?
A
Operates across nations
4
Q
What does Fied et al argue about globalisation and crime?
A
- There has been a globalisation of crime
- Increased interconnectedness of crime across national borders.
- The rise of TNCs has led to more crime
5
Q
How much does Castells argue the global crime economy is worth?
A
£1 trillion per year
6
Q
Global supply and demand explanation
A
- Global criminal economy has a supply side and a demand side
- The supply and demand relationship is linked to globalisation
- Low income countries like Colombia and Afghanistan produce drugs for sale in HICs
7
Q
A
8
Q
What percentage of Colombia’s population depend on Cocaine production for their livelihood?
A
20%
9
Q
What is global risk consciousness by Beck?
A
Globalisation has created new insecurities which produces an awareness of risk consciousness where the risk is global rather than attached to particular place.
10
Q
A
11
Q
Example of global risk consciousness
A
Syrian refugee crisis
1. Refugees were fleeing war and were seen by many in the UK as a risk
2. The media exaggerates the risk
3. This leads to greater fear of risk
4. There is an increase in hate crime
5. Intensification of social control
12
Q
What does Taylor’s explanation of globalisation and crime.
A
Globalisation has led to greater global inequality and crime.
13
Q
According to Taylor how has global capitalism led to crime
A
- TNCs have moved their factories to LICs as they make more profit due to low wages and weak regulations.
- In HICs this means there are fewer low skilled job opportunities leading to unemployment and poverty
- At the same time welfare spending has declined but a materialistic culture is being produced by media.
- All these factors encourage the poor to turn to crime as there is less legitimate ways to earn
14
Q
An example Taylor gives of global capitalism and crime
A
Decline in LA manufacturing industry in the 1970s led to the growth of the drug trade
15
Q
Who does Taylor argue benefit the most from globalisation?
A
Elite groups benefit the most due to the deregulation of financial markets which has increased opportunities for insider trading and the movement of funds around the globe to avoid tax and TNCs increase profits from employing workers illegally.
16
Q
Who explains globalisation and crime through crimes of global financial institutions
A
Rothe & Friedrichs
17
Q
What do Rothe and Friedrich examine and argue
A
- The role of international financial institutions such as the IMF and World Bank in what they call “crimes of globalisation”
- They are dominated by major capitalist country’s such as both IMF and WB headquarters are in the US
- WB has 188 members but 5 hold over 1/3 of voting rights which means they ensure it operates in their interests
- They argue these organisations impose pro capitalist economic ‘structural adjustment’ programmes on poorer countries as a condition for the loans they provide e.g loss of control of a nations resource and this is a social crime in the eyes of Rothe and Friedrich
18
Q
Who explains the global and local organisation of crime
A
Hobbs and Dunningham
19
Q
What do Hobbs and Dunningham argue on the global and local organisation of crime
A
- Unlike traditional hierarchy of criminal gangs, today there is a loose knit network of individuals seeking opportunities to make money which often has international links.
20
Q
Glocal definition
A
- Crime is locally based but operates in a global context
- The form of crime will vary place to place but is influenced by global factors like the availability of drugs abroad
21
Q
Jewkes & Global cybercrime
A
- Jewkes says Internet has created opportunities to commit conventional crimes like fraud and new crimes using new tools
- Policing of crime is difficult because of the scale of the internet and limited police resources
- Prosecution is difficult as it operates across borders
22
Q
Wall’s 4 categories of cybercrime
A
- Cyber trespass e.g Hacking into a computer for bank details
- Cyber deception & theft e.g Phishing
- Cyber pornography
- Cyber violence e.g cyber stalking
23
Q
2 Strengths of the sociology of globalisation & crime
A
+ Globalisation has led to more agencies working together across national borders to tackle global crime
+ Provides an insight into some of the newest and serious forms of crime
24
Q
5 limitations of the sociology of globalisation & crime
A
- Hard to investigate due to secretive and complex nature
- Dependency on secondary sources and reliable statistics may not be available
- Hard to know extent of crime due to dark web
- Global crime is a distraction from more routine crime
- Extent and significance of global crime may be exaggerated
25
What is green crime?
- Any illegal or harmful activity that damages the environment
- Can be local (e.g., fly-tipping) or global (e.g., illegal CFC trade)
- Includes activities that may not be criminalised but cause harm
26
Give examples of green crime.
- Illegal logging and fishing
- Trafficking endangered species
- Dumping toxic waste
- CFC smuggling
- Oil spills (e.g., BP 2010)
27
What did Beck (1992) argue about risk and green crime?
- We live in a global risk society
- Modern risks (e.g., climate change) are manufactured by human activity
- Green crimes often have global consequences
28
What is green criminology? (Lynch, 1990)
- Focuses on environmental harm regardless of legality
- Goes beyond state definitions of crime
- Interested in harm to people, animals, ecosystems
29
Who expanded on green criminology and how? (White, 2008)
- Argued green crime includes all actions that harm the environment or living beings
- Takes a transgressive approach (beyond legal definitions)
- Highlights the need for an ecocentric perspective
30
What are primary green crimes? (South, 2008)
- Crimes that directly damage the environment
- Examples: air/water pollution, deforestation, species extinction, animal cruelty
31
What are secondary green crimes? (South, 2008)
- Crimes from breaking environmental protection laws
- Examples: illegal toxic waste dumping, state violence against environmentalists
32
What is an anthropocentric view of green crime?
- Human-centred view
- Sees environmental harm as an issue when it affects humans
- E.g., pollution is bad because it causes human disease
33
What is an ecocentric view of green crime?
- Environment-centred view
- Any harm to the environment is wrong, even without direct human consequences
- Includes animal cruelty, habitat destruction
34
How does globalisation link to green crime?
- Environmental crimes can affect areas far from their source
- Hard to trace accountability
- Multinational companies can relocate to weaker-regulated countries
35
Why is green crime hard to police?
- Varying legal definitions between countries
- Crimes may cross borders
- Many harmful actions aren't legally criminalised
36
What is transgressive criminology?
- Focuses on harm rather than legal definitions
- White (2008): green crime = any harm to humans, animals, or the environment
- Goes beyond state-centric definitions
37
What is traditional criminology's view of green crime?
- Situ and Emmons (2000): 'unauthorised act or omission that violates the law'
- Only focuses on legal definitions
- Ignores legal but harmful practices (e.g., carbon emissions)
38
What did Santana (2002) argue about governments and pollution?
- The military is the largest institutional polluter
- Examples: unexploded bombs, toxic chemical residue
39
Who are the main victims of green crime? (Wolf)
- Poor and ethnic minorities
- Developing world more vulnerable
- Lack of resources to move or protest
40
Who are the main perpetrators of green crime? (Wolf)
- Individuals (e.g., littering)
- Corporations (e.g., industrial waste dumping)
- Governments (e.g., military pollution)
- Organised crime groups (e.g., waste disposal collusion)
41
What is state-corporate crime in the context of green crime?
- When states and corporations collaborate or neglect to prevent environmental harm
- Example: cover-up of oil spills, allowing deforestation for profit
42
How does organised crime link to green crime?
- Mafia and cartels in illegal waste disposal
- Often operate with government collusion
- Example: eco-mafia in Italy
43
Give an example of state violence against environmental groups.
- Attacks on indigenous activists in the Amazon
- Imprisonment or assassination of environmental defenders
- Example: police violence during pipeline protests
44
How does environmental harm differ from traditional crime in scope?
- Impacts are long-term and global
- Victims often indirect or in future generations
- Not always visible or immediate
45
What are manufactured risks? (Beck)
- Human-made risks from industrial and technological development
- Examples: global warming, radioactive contamination
- Often beyond individual control
46
What is environmental discrimination?
- Poor communities more exposed to environmental harm
- Toxic waste sites near marginalised populations
- Lack of political power to resist pollution
47
What are the financial impacts of green crime?
- World Bank (2004): illegal logging = $10-15 billion in lost revenue
- Cost of cleaning oil spills, restoring ecosystems
- Economic disruption from climate change
48
What is the link between green crime and corporate crime?
- Green crime is a typical form of corporate crime
- Corporations cut corners to increase profit
- Examples: falsifying emissions data, unsafe waste disposal
49
How does fly-tipping exemplify green crime?
- Illegal dumping of waste
- Often done by individuals or small companies
- Can damage ecosystems, pollute water supplies
50
What are CFCs and why are they a green crime concern?
- Chlorofluorocarbons, used in refrigeration
- Banned in many countries
- Deplete ozone layer – serious environmental harm
51
Why is defining green crime controversial?
- No universally accepted definition
- Depends on legal vs. moral frameworks
- Different views: legalistic, environmental, social justice
52
How is green crime studied methodologically?
- Often through case studies
- Difficult to get reliable data
- Long-term impacts make measurement difficult
53
What is the significance of species decline as a green crime?
- Disrupts ecosystems
- Often caused by habitat destruction, poaching
- Can lead to food chain collapses
54
What role do international organisations play in preventing green crime?
- UN, INTERPOL track illegal trafficking of animals, toxic waste
- International treaties (e.g., CITES) to protect species
- Often limited by national interests
55
What are the strengths of green criminology?
- Focus on real harm, not just legal definitions
- Highlights environmental justice
- Links sociology to global ecological issues
56
What are criticisms of green criminology?
- Too broad – includes non-criminal acts
- Difficult to measure impact and intent
- Lacks clear boundaries, more value-laden
