Topic 3 : Industrial Flashcards
(14 cards)
James Simpson discovery
CHANCE - discovered effects of chloroform when a friend knocked over a bottle at a dinner party.
OPPOSITION
- problem with calculating dose
- religious objections (god sent pain)
Made popular by its use on queen victoria 6 years later
MAJOR STEP FOR PAIN HOWEVER STILL INFECTION
Louis Pasteur Experiments
1857-1860 SCIENCE
Experimented using a swan necked flask to prove that liquid did not go off if air was kept away
Could heat it to a certain temperature to kill all the microbes
Germ theory 1861
Joseph Lister disciveries
Inspired by Pasteurs Germ Theory to create an antiseptic
- Believed that infections got into the body when the skin was broken, so he thought that placing bandages
soaked in an antiseptic liquid over a wound would prevent infection. - Experimented on James Greenlees who had a road accident with bones sticking through his skin. Instead of amputating he applied carbolic dressings and 6 weeks later he walked out.
- Began to use it to sterilise hands and equipment.
Reactions to Joseph Lister
1867 : published
- Idea not well received people continued to believe in spontaneous generation
Opposed because…
- people had not fully accepted germ theory
- his ideas were not revolutionary , antiseptics already being used
- patients still got infected , non sterile clothing
How was Pasteurs theory proved?
Doctors still didn’t want to believe it as they didn’t believe something as small as microbes could cause a disease
- 1866 Cattle plague outbreak in Britain, farmers didn’t want to kill their animals so it spread quickly, shortage of healthy animals and food prices rose.
- ed to government appointment of professeur Beale using microscopes to identify the specific microbe, disproving spontaneous generation.
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Robert Koch
Known as father of bacteriology
- first to apply Pasteurs theories to medicine proved that anthrax was causing disease.
- William Cheyne translated his work to English
Chamberland and Pasteur
CHANCE
Chamberland forgot to inject the chickens with cholera before his holiday when he came back and did it, it was a weakened version not killing them but making them immune.
Cholera outbreak
Disease caused by contaminated water
1831 : killed 50,000
Thought caused by miasma no one new the relevance of water
Edwin Chadwick
1839 : government set up inquiry and he found majority of people lived in dire conditions and it was affecting their health
Made recommendations e.g. clean water should be a priority.
Ignored because the attitude was the government should interfere with people’s lives.
Public health solutions
Another outbreak of cholera lead to the 1848 public health act.
Local author uses spend money on cleaning up however this wasn’t compulsory and many didn’t put it into practice - didn’t want to be unpopular with voters.
John Snow
Mapped cholera victims and saw they used the same water pump, foundd it was damaged and proved that it was from dirty water. Not enough to force government health measures
The great stink
1858 : forces government action
A hot summer with all sewage being dumped into the Thames lead to unpleasant smells. Government building was next to this so they noticed it.
Joseph bazalgette
Employed to build a network of sewers under London given 3 million and built 82 miles of sewers
Never another cholera outbreak.
1866 public health act
Sanitary act forcing local councils to be responsible for providing sewers , clean water and a health inspector.
