Topic 3-Infection and Response

Question 1

What can smoking cause?

Answer 1

Cardiovascular disease
Lung cancer
Lung disease
Walls of the arteries can get damaged and so can the cells in the lining

Question 2

What can obesity cause?

Answer 2

Type 2 diabetes which is when a person becomes resistant to their own insulin

Question 3

What can alcohol cause?

Answer 3

Liver disease

Brain damage

Question 4

Explain how a tumour is formed

Answer 4

By an uncontrolled growth and division which is the result of changes that occur to the cells and result in the formation of a tumour

Question 5

Are all tumours cancerous?

Answer 5

No

Question 6

What does benign mean?

Answer 6

The tumour grows until there’s no more room-it stays in one place
Non-cancerous

Question 7

What does malignant mean?

Answer 7

Grows and spreads. Cells break off and spread to the other parts of the body like the bloodstream. Invades healthy tissue.
Cancerous

Question 8

Name five causes of cancer

Answer 8

Smoking
Obesity
Uv exposure
Viral infection 
Genetics

Question 9

Smoking?

Answer 9

Lung cancer

Question 10

Obesity?

Answer 10

Bowl and kidney cancer

Question 11

Uv exposure?

Answer 11

Skin cancer

Question 12

Viral infection

Answer 12

Hepatitis B and C can increase the risk of developing liver cancer

Question 13

What is health?

Answer 13

A state of mental and physical wellbeing

Question 14

What does non-communicable mean?

Answer 14

Cannot spread between people or between animals and people

Question 15

Give examples of noncommunicable diseases

Answer 15

Asthma
cancer
coronary heart disease

Question 16

What can sometimes lead to an asthma attack?

Answer 16

Immune reactions caused by pathogens

Question 17

What happens in an asthma attack?

Answer 17

Lining of the airways become inflamed
Fluids build up in the bronchioles
Muscles contract which constricts the airways

Question 18

What does an inhaler do?

Answer 18

Expands the bronchioles which relax the muscles so air can go through the airways again

Question 19

What risk factors can be associated with cancer?

Answer 19

Balanced diet
Stress
Life situation, wealth

Question 20

Name four drugs

Answer 20

Alcohol cocaine heroin and cannabis

Question 21

Alcohol?

Answer 21

Toxic to liver cells

Question 22

Cocaine?

Answer 22

Heart attacks

Question 23

Heroin?

Answer 23

Bacteria on heart and abscesses

Question 24

Cannabis?

Answer 24

Schizophrenia

Question 25

What do we test drugs for?

Answer 25

Efficacy, toxicity and dose

Question 26

What does efficacy mean?

Answer 26

Does it produce the desired effects

Question 27

Name the four steps in developing drugs

Answer 27

Pre clinical Clinical Double blind Published

Question 28

Explain the preclinical step of developing a drug

Answer 28

Tested on human cells and tissues in the lab. Can't be used for drugs that affect whole body systems Then it's tested on live animals- toxicity, efficacy and dosage.

Question 29

Explain the clinical stage of developing a drug

Answer 29

Tested on human volunteers. 1. Healthy volunteers 2. People with illnesses

Question 30

Explain the placebo and double blind stage of developing a drug

Answer 30

Placebo-One group is given the drug, the other is given the placebo so the doctor can see the actual difference double Blind- neither the patient nor doctor knows who is given the drug and who is given the placebo.

Question 31

What does placebo mean?

Answer 31

When the patient expects the treatment to work and so feels better even though the treatment isn't doing anything

Question 32

How are monoclonal antibodies made?

Answer 32

A mouse is objected with a chosen antigen. The mouse produces antibodies which are made from a white blood cell called b-lymphocytes. We fuse the b-lymphocyte with a tumour cell to create a hybridoma.

Question 33

What features do tumour cells and b-lymphocytes have?

Answer 33

Tumour-don't produce antibodies, but divide lots. | Lymphocytes- don't divide easily, but produce antibodies

Question 34

Describe how monoclonal antibodies treat diseases

Answer 34

Different cells have different antigens on their surfaces, therefore you can make mono-clonal antibodies which bind to specific cells- i.e. Cancer cells

Question 35

What chemical is found in the urine when pregnant?

Answer 35

HCG

Question 36

Explain how a pregnancy test works

Answer 36

The stick but where you wee has specific monoclonal antibodies stuck to it with blue beads attached. If you're pregnant... The hormone binds to the antibodies on the blue beads The urine carries this up the stick The beads and hormone bind to the antibodies on the stick So the blue beads get stuck on to the strip

Question 37

Explain what a false pregnancy test is like?

Answer 37

The urine still moves up the stick carrying the blue beads but there's nothing to stick the blue beads to the test strip, as HCG isn't present.

Question 38

What's an antigen?

Answer 38

A chemical which the body recognises as foreign

Question 39

What's an antibody?

Answer 39

Proteins which are produced by white blood cells to stick to a pathogens antigen so the white blood cell can do phagocytosis

Question 40

What can monoclonal antibodies be used for

Answer 40

Pregnancy testing Treating diseases Test blood samples for certain pathogens Measure hormone levels