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BIOLOGY-EVIE > Topic 4- Bioenergetics > Flashcards

Topic 4- Bioenergetics Flashcards

(80 cards)

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1
Q

what does photosynthesis do?

A

uses energy to change CO2 and water into glucose and oxygen

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2
Q

where does photosynthesis take place

A

in chloroplasts in green plant cells.

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3
Q

what does chloroplasts contain

A

chlorophyll that absorb light

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4
Q

what sort of reaction is photosynthesis

A

endothermic- energy is transferred from the environment in the process

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5
Q

what’s the word equation for photosynthesis

A

carbon dioxide and water -> (with light) glucose and oxygen

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6
Q

symbol equation for photosynthesis

A

6CO2 + 6H2O -> (with light) C6H12O6 +6O2

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7
Q

what do plants use glucose for

A 
respiration 
making cellulos 
making amino acids 
stored as fats or oils
stored as starch
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8
Q

what does respiration do i. plants

A

transfers energy from glucose which enables the plants to convert the rest of the glucose into various other useful substances

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9
Q

what does cellulose do

A

makes strong plant cell walls

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10
Q

how are amino acids made and what are they then made into

A

glucose combines with nitrate ions (absorbed from the soil) to make amino acids which are then made into proteins

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11
Q

what’s another word for oils and fats and what do they do

A

lipids, which store seeds

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12
Q

where’s starch stored in the plants

A

roots stems and leaves

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13
Q

what is glucose used for when not stored

A

photosynthesis

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14
Q

what makes starch good for storing and what makes it better than glucose

A

it’s insoluble, so its better than glucose for storing, as glucose would draw in loads of water and swell up

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15
Q

what is the rate of photosynthesis affected by

A

light
conc of CO2
temperature

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16
Q

what’s a limiting factor

A

something that stops photosynthesis from happening any faster

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17
Q

what’s the limiting factor at night

A

light

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18
Q

what’s the limiting factor in winter

A

temperature

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19
Q

what’s the limiting factor when it’s warm and bright enough

A

co2

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20
Q

what’s another limiting factor for photosynthesis

A

chlorophyll

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21
Q

what can the amount of chlorophyll in a plant be affected by

A

disease such as infection wit the tobacco or mosaic virus

environmental stress, such as lack of nutrients

-> cause chloroplasts to become damaged or not make enough energy

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22
Q

what does a lack of chlorophyll mean for the pants

A

the rate of photosynthesis is reduced because they ant absorb as much light

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23
Q

describe the light graph for the rate of photosynthesis

A

photosynthesis increases steadily, up to a certain point

beyond this, as light intensity increase the photosynthesis rate no longer does

this is because co2 or light is now a limiting factor

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24
Q

how do you change light intensity in a lab

A

move a lamp further away/nearer

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25
deacribe the co2 graph for photosynthesis
the same as light but with co2
26
what does it mean if temperature is the limiting factor
the temp is too low so the enzymes can’t function properly and work slower
27
what happens when temperatures get to high
enzymes denature
28
at what temp do enzymes denature
45 degrees
29
when a line levels off at a lower point on a graph showing more than one limiting factor, what does this mean?
that line must be the limiting factor
30
what plant can be used to measure the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis
canadian pondweed
31
in the pondweed experiment, how does the rate of oxygen relate to the rate of photosynthesis
the faster the rate of oxygen production, the faster the rate of photosynthesis
32
explain the pondweed practical
1) a white light source is placed at a specific distance from pondweed 2) the pondweed is left to photosynthesise for a set amount of time 3) as it photosynthesises, the oxygen released will collect in the capillary tube 4) at the end of the experiment, the syringe draws gas bubbles in the tube alongside a ruler and the length of the gas bubble is measured, this is proportional to the volume of 02 produced 5) the experiment is repeated twice to calculate mean volume of o2 produced 6) then its repeated with light at different distances from the pondweed
33
the apparatus in pondweed experiment can be altered to measure the effect of temp and Co2 on photosynthesis. give examples of this
test tube of pondweed can be put into water bath at set temperature or measured amount of sodium hydrocarbonate can be dissolved in the water which gives off CO2! the experiment can be repeated with different conc of sodium hydrocarbonate or different temps of water
34
what does the inverse square law link?
light intensity and distance
35
in the pondweed experiment how are distance and light intensity linked
as the distance increases, the light intensity decreases OR YOU COULD SAY... distance an light intensity are inversely proportional
36
what’s the inverse square law
‘light intensity decreases in proportion to the square of the distance’
37
how is inverse square law written
light intensity (fish sign) 1 divided by distance (d) squared
38
what does the inverse square law mean in terms of numbers?
if you halve the distance the light intensity will be four times greater if you third the distance the light intensity will be nine times greater etc
39
what’s the measure of light intensity
1/d2
40
give an example or artificial environments
greenhouse
41
what do greenhouses do
trap suns heat and make sure temperature doesn’t become limiting
42
what do farmers use to cool greenhouses
shades and ventilation
43
what is used to supplement light in. greenhouses
artificial light when the sun goes down
44
how do farmers increase co2 in greenhouses
using paraffin heaters which produces co2
45
what do farmers to the ensure the plants are enclosed
put down fertiliser in soil to provide minerals needed for healthy growth
46
What happened to the plants if the conditions are perfect
They will grow faster
47
Where does energy come from and what’s is it transferred by
food and respiration
48
What does respiration do
transfers the energy that the cell needs to do just about everything this energy is used for all living processes
49
what respiration
The process of transferring energy from glucose which goes on in every cell
50
what type of reaction is respiration and why
exothermic-it transfers energy to the environment
51
give three examples of how organisms use the energy transferred by respiration
To build up larger molecules from smaller ones (like proteins from amino acids) allows the muscles to contract in mammals and birds the energy is used to keep the body temperature steady in colder surroundings
52
what are chemical reactions controlled by
enzymes
53
give the equation for when reactions are linked together to form bigger reactions
reactant reaches with enzyme to form product with reacts to create another product and so on etc
54
given example where larger molecules are made from smaller ones
Glucose molecules are joined together to form starch glycogen and cellulose lipid molecules are each made from one molecule of glycerol and three fatty acids glucose is combined with nitrate ions to make amino acid‘s which are then made into proteins
55
give examples where larger molecules are broken down into smaller ones
glucose is broken down in respiration excess protein is broken down in a reaction to produce urea which is excreted in the urine
56
what is metabolism
The sum of all the reactions that happen in a cell or the body
57
what is aerobic respiration
respiration using oxygen it is the most efficient way to transfer energy from glucose
58
when does aerobic respiration happen
All the time in plants and animals
59
Where does most of the reactions in aerobic respiration happen
Inside the mitochondria
60
give the word and symbol equation for aerobic respiration
Glucose plus oxygen reacts to make carbon dioxide and water C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2+ 6H2O
61
When is anaerobic respiration used
when there’s not enough oxygen
62
When can your body not supply enough oxygen
When you’re doing vigourous exercise
63
What’s anaerobic mean
incomplete breakdown of glucose making lactic acid
64
Give the word equation for anaerobic respiration
glucose -> lactic
65
Why does anaerobic respiration not transfer nearly as much energy as aerobic respiration
because glucose isn’t fully oxidised
66
give the word equation for anaerobic respiration | in plants and yeast cells
glucose -> ethanol + CO2
67
What is anaerobic respiration in yeast cells called
fermentation
68
in the industry what is fermentation by yeast used for
to make bread and alcoholic drinks
69
what makes bread rise
co2 from fermentation
70
what sort of organism is yeast
single called
71
when you excersise, you respire....
more
72
muscles need energy from respiration to...
contract
73
when you excersise, you need more energy for muscles, what does this mean for oxygen?
you need more
74
what does the body do to get more oxygen into the body
your breathing rate and breath volume increase heart rate increased to get oxygenated blood around the body faster this removes co2 more quickly at the same time
75
what happens after long periods of excersise
your body can’t supply enough oxygen to your muscles, so anaerobic respiration begins lactic acidosis builds up-> pain in muscles muscle fatigue
76
what does anaerobic respiration lead to?
oxygen debt
77
what is an oxygen debt?
the amount of extra oxygen your body needs to react with the build up of lactic acid and remove it from cells. Oxygen reacts with the lactic acid to form harmless co3 and water (in other words you have to repay the oxygen that you didn’t get to your muscles in time because your lungs heart and blood couldn’t keep up with the demand earlier on!)
78
what does the oxygen debt mean for your breathing after hard excersise
you keep breathing for a while to repay the oxygen debt and get more oxygen into your blood which is transported to muscle cells
79
what happens to the pulse and breathing rate whilst theee are high levels of lactic acid and co2
they remain high
80
what’s another way of coping with high levels of lactic acid
the blood transports lactic acid to the liver in the liver the lactic acid is converted back to glucose

BIOLOGY-EVIE (8 decks)

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