Topic 3: Social (1970-79) Flashcards
(48 cards)
1
Q
4
Describe the 1975 Sex Discrimination Act under Wilson
A
- Act made it unlawful to discriminate on the grounds of sex in employment, educational facilities, housing, goods and services
- Equal Opportunities Commission created with investigator powers
- Discrimination still hard to prove
- Between 1976-1983 only 10% of sex discrim cases in workplace successful
2
Q
4
List the main developments in feminism in the 1970s
A
- Women Lib groups
- Demonstrations
- Factions
- Legislation
3
Q
5
Describe political progress in the feminist movement in the 1970s
A
- legislation
- 1970s saw high point of second-wave feminism
- Epitomised through inauguration of UN International Women’s in 1977
- Women’s Liberation pressure group set up in 1970
- First female leader for major party - Thatcher 1975
4
Q
4 - 3 groups
Describe the factions of feminism in the 1970s
A
-
radical feminists - demanded feminism based upon lesbian relationships
- first Gay Pride march held in London in 1971
- moderate feminism - combined equality with family life
- socialist feminism - identified class division in female equality and demanded greater economic independence of women
5
Q
5
Describe social progress in the feminism movement in the 1970s
A
- Growth of literature
- Education furthered through opening of Department of women’s studies in universities
- Pill had become available on NHS
- First rape crisis centre opened in London in 1976
- Marriage
6
Q
4
Describe protests of the feminist movement in the 1970s
A
- Women’s Lib groups disrupted the 1970 Miss World Contest and heckled host Bob Hope, protesting the objectification of women
- First Women’s Liberation March took place in 1971 - divisions over radical separatists
- Demonstrations in March 1971 in Liverpool/London demanding equal pay and free nurseries
- 1977, first ‘reclaim the night’ march held across Britain in response to Yorkshire Ripper murders
7
Q
Unprecedented economic independence:
Women’s earnings as proportion of men’s grew from (…) in 1970 to (…) in 1980
A
63%
73%
8
Q
3
Describe marriage/divorce in the 1970s
A
- N of first marriages declined - marriage rate sustained by rising second marriages
- New cohabitation partnerships emerged e.g. stable unmarried relationships
- Survey found 77% felt that marriage was not old fashioned
9
Q
3
Describe feminist literature in the 1970s
A
- 1972, Cosmopolitan magazine arrived from US and dealt with issues such as abortion and contraception
- Appealed to mainstream with fashion - not popular with militant feminists for engendering stereotypes
- Publishers such as Virago furthered Women’s Liberation movement
10
Q
5
List women’s rights legislation in the 1970s
A
- Sex Discrimination Act 1975
- Equal Pay Act 1970 (operative in 1975)
- Social Security Act 1975
- Employment Protection Act 1975
- Domestic Violence and Matrimonial Proceedings Act 1976
11
Q
1
Describe limits to the Equal Pay Act 1970
A
- employers used loopholes to give women different, lower-paid tasks → pay therefore not comparable
12
Q
2
Describe the Social Security Act 1975
A
- By Castle
- Consolidated state pension scheme
13
Q
2
Describe the Employment Protection Act 1975
A
- introduced paid maternity leave
- outlawed dismissal on pregnancy grounds
14
Q
1
Describe the Domestic Violence and Matrimonial Proceedings Act 1976
A
- made it easier to gain protection from violent husbands
15
Q
2
List progress and limitations in race relations legislation in the 1970s
A
- Limitation - Immigration Act 1971
- Progress - Race Relations Act 1976
16
Q
5
Describe the Immigration Act 1971
A
- passed in 1971, operative from 1973
- defined partial as born in UK or resident for 5 or more years (expanded upon 1968 act)
- Unrestricted entry for those with patrial status
- Entry for non-patrial citizens dependent on visa
- Thus all non-patrial Commonwealth citizens who sought UK employment reduced to status of contract labourer
patrial - British citizen (or substantial connection)
17
Q
7
Describe the Race Relations Act 1976
A
- Aimed to tackle problems of second-class citizenship
- Replaced acts of 1965 and 1968
- Made discrim unlawful in employment, training, edu, provisions of goods and services
- Made it an offence to stir up racial hatred
- Extended law to cover discrim by private clubs
- A new body, the Race Relations Commission, replaced earlier bodies
- Bill passed with all-party support, though a few Cons voted against
18
Q
6
Describe Heath’s policy towards Ugandan Asians
A
- Triggered when Uganda’s eccentric dictator Idi Amin in 1972 announced he had a dream which instructed him to give all Ugandan Asians 3 months to emigrate
- Under 1968 quota, 3k were allowed to enter Britain in any one year
- Government set up Ugandan resettlement board using military camps as holding centres
- Linked with volunteer groups which helped find immigrants homes
- 28.5k Ugandan Asians arrived
- 30k new jobs created in Leicester -> became model-city for multi-ethnic integration
19
Q
4
Describe the rise of the National Front
A
- By 1977, described as Britain’s 4th largest party in terms of vote share
- Held marches in areas of concentrated immigration
- Trades Council of East London detailed over 100 violent incidents, inc 2 murders, between Jan 1976 and Aug 1978
- Assaults on Asians and Afro-Carribeans rose by 1/3
20
Q
5
Describe anti-racist organisations
A
- Rock Against Racism 1976 - reaction to Eric Clapton’s comments in support of Powell
- Many stars performed without payment
- 1978 Trafalgar Square concert attracted 100k
- Anti-Nazi League set up in 1977
- Supported by Neil Kinnock
21
Q
4
Describe racial tensions with the police in the 1970s
A
- ‘Canteen culture’
- In 1976, only 70 of 22k Met Police workforce were black/ethnic officers
- ‘Sus’ law
- Death of Blair Peach, an anti-nazi league supporter accidentally killed by police at a demonstration
The Met accepted responsibility for Peach’s murder in 2010
22
Q
3
Describe the ‘sus’ law
A
- 19th century law
- allowed police to arrest people they suspected were about to commit a crime
- over 50% arrested with law were black
23
Q
3
Describe opposition to the ‘sus’ law
A
- 1975, ‘The Black Parents Movement’ set up in response to police brutality towards black children
- 1978, ‘Scrap Sus’ campaign - drew together imms
- Law repealed in 1981
24
Q
5
Describe racial progress in sports and culture in the 1970s
A
- Increasingly visible
- 1978, Viv Anderson became first player to be picked for England football team
- Reggae and ska increasingly popular among youth groups
- Local authorities followed multicultural policies
- Polyethnic consumer marketing grew
25
# 4
Describe racial **limitations** in sports and culture in the 1970s
* Football terraces
* Notting Hill Carnival 1976 riot saw 300 injured
* Black and White Minstrel Show continued until 1978
* 1980, Commission for Racial Equality stated racial discrim is still rife
26
# 4
Describe the relation between racial tensions and class in the 1970s
* **Race replaced class as greatest determiner of social inequality**
* 1974 elec non-white vote: 72% Lab, 17% Con
* Much of NF support came from poor urban areas
* High unemployment and poor housing for youth at time
27
# 5
Describe the punk subculture
* Emerged as reaction to ostentatious British groups
* Androgyny
* Unisex clothing with swastikas and brightly dyed hair
* Vivienne Westwood and Malcolm Mclaren opened a boutique on Kings Road, Chelsea called ‘Sex’, influenced by punk image
* Sex Pistols
## Footnote
Androgyny - mix of masculine/feminine aspects
28
# 3
Describe the actions of the Sex Pistols
* Released controversial ‘God Save the Queen’ song during Silver Jubillee
* In song, called the monarchy a ‘facist regime’
* **BBC refused to air song but reached No2 on official charts**
29
# 2
Describe opposition to the punk subculture
* Local authorities banned performances to protect local people
* Major labels would move into independent punk scene → softened style to make it commercially viable
30
# 7
Describe the skinhead subculture
* Distinguishable by their shaved haircuts and Doc Martin boots
* Exaggerated reaction to hippie movement of 60s
* Developed from Mod culture
* Early skinheads into black ska music
* Image later adopted by NF thugs
* Tended to be WC and linked to football hooliganism
* Reflected social abandonment of youth
31
# 3
Describe football hooliganism in the 1970s
* Worsened in 1970s
* Linked to football clubs e.g. Newcastle’s Gremlins
* became known as ‘English Disease’
32
# 2
Describe positive movements in youth subcultures in the 1970s
* Rock against Racism 1976
* Embracing of subcultures helped rap/reggae become established into popular British subculture
33
# 5
Describe violence in Britain in the 1970s
* Miners strikes, racial issues, nationalism
* Clashes between NF and Trotskyist demonstrators led to 1 death in Red Lion Square in 1974
* Immense violence at Grunwick picket lines in 1977 left 97 policemen injured
* Increasing use of Met Police Special Patrol Group at demonstrations
* Death of Blair Peach in 1979
34
# 4
Describe the background to environmentalism in the 1970s
* CND was forerunner to movements
* Linked to pollution, organic farming, nuclear waste, etc
* Counterculture to consumerism
* Between 1957-1979, there had been 5 incidents at a Cumbrian nuclear power station
35
# 6
Describe Green politics in the 1970s
* Department of Environment formed 1970
* Disparate protests coalesced into organised campaigns
* Friends of Earth, originally formed in US in 1969, expanded to include Britain in 1971
* PEOPLE party (1972) → Ecology Party (1975) → Green Party (1985)
* Put up 5 candidates in Feb 1974 elec, including Goldsmith
* 53 candidates in 1979 elec
36
# 3
Describe environmental protests in the 1970s
* Greenpeace UK formed in 1977 and became infamous for NVDA
* Direct action split environmental movement
* Animal welfare protests (see other card)
37
# 3
Describe animal welfare protests in the 1970s
* Carried out violent attacks against pharmaceutical labs from 1973
* Extremely violent Animal Liberation Front (ALF) formed in 1976
* ALF sent letter bombs sent to politicians, including Margaret Thatcher in 1982
38
# 4
Describe the new environmental media
* 1972’s *Watership Down*, about rabbits being forced to move due to a road development, became a bestselling book
* Teddy Goldsmith's 1972 *A Blueprint for Survival* advocated a return to self-sufficiency and de-industrialisation
* BBC Natural History Unit made several conservation TV programmes
* David Attenborough’s 1979 *Life on Earth* series gained massive TV audiences worldwide
39
# 3
Descrbe terrorism in the 1970s
* NF openly provoked black communities
* Resentment against govt anti-terrorist policies of internment (introduced 1971) and ‘Diplock Courts’ (introduced 1973)
* Bloody Sunday 1972 led to extension of Provisional IRA’s terror campaign
## Footnote
Diplock Courts - non-jury trials to prevent IRA intimidation
40
# 2
List examples of IRA terrorist incidents in the 1970s
* Tower of London Bombing 1974 killed one woman and injured 41
* Birmingham Pub Bombings 1974 killed 21
41
# 1
Describe **progress** in crime in the 1970s
* Rape received increasing publicity due to feminism movement - first rape crisis centre 1976
42
# 4
Describe **limitations** in crime in the 1970s
* Violent crime and vandalism increased against fall in number of persons prosecuted
* Corruption and conspiracy in public life increased (e.g. Maulding)
* Prison seriously overcrowded by end of decade - increased risk of prison riots
* Black and youth hostility to police
43
# 2
Describe **progress** in drugs in the 1970s
* early 70s: prison sentences
* late 70s: large fines for first convictions
| arguably a limit
44
# 4
Describe **limitations** in drugs in the 1970s
* Cannabis use peaked in mid-1970s
* ⅓ of uni students used drug, twice rate of non-student population
* More WC users
* Heroin market grew
45
# 4
Describe media in the 1970s
| limit
* TV increasingly provoked **less** social norms
* Trivial sitcoms became prevalent e.g. emmerdale 1972
* ‘Till Death Us Do Part’ and ‘Love thy Neighbour’ stereotyped black community and among most popular programmes of era
* Women objectified in media - also through tabloids e.g. Sun pg3 girls started in 1970
46
# 3
Describe film in the 1970s
| mix of progress and limit
* New special effect technology led to collaboration with US e.g. Star Wars
* Less provokation in mainstream cinema
* Independent directors would produce more controversial films
47
# 3
Describe theatre in the 1970s
| limit
* More controversial than film or TV
* Peter Schaffer’s *Equus* (1979) showed descriptions of confused sexuality
* 1976, ‘Gay Sweatshop’ production company formed producing plays with homosexual themes
48
# 1
Describe the problems of the Department of Environment
* Hamstrung by management of wider portfolio of issues: local govt, housing, planning
